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EN
Stalinist repressions against the Polish population, living in Ukraine for centuries, are known for its wide scale and cruelty as for lawless actions and terror. Around 150-200,000 Poles, which constituted about 30% of all the Polish population in Ukraine, underwent different forms of repressions during Stalinism. In fact, the Poles from Ukraine went first on the list of the peoples deported, which further turned out to be typical of the Soviet totalitarianism. The author describes the scale and deportation process of the Polish population from Ukra- inian western border regions to the eastern ones, up to Kazakhstan. The Stalinist repressions reached their peak during the years of the Great Terror, 1937-1938. NKVD repressions exemplified typical ethnocide, with a Polish origin of victims as the main reason. Stalin's secret police started the wide-scale provocations, fabricating a dossier of the so-called “Po- lish Military Organization”.
PL
Recenzja pierwszej polskiej książki filmoznawczej stanowiącej syntezę kina postradzieckiego. Jej autorka przygląda się najważniejszym filmom dotyczącym przepracowania sowieckiej traumy po rozpadzie ZSRR, przy czym nie tylko szczegółowo je analizuje, ale także wpisuje w szeroki kontekst społeczno-polityczny.
EN
A review of the first Polish film studies book constituting a synthesis of post-Soviet cinema. Its author looks at the most important films about working through the Soviet trauma after the collapse of the USSR, and not only analyzes them in detail, but also places them in a broad socio-political context.
EN
The Great Terror – mass repression unleashed by Stalin against the Soviet people, the brightest and most educated of its representatives. In regions of the country, including in the Chechen-Ingush ASSR this political and physical terror has acquired its local peculiarities. Under Stalin’s doctrine of Soviet Union’s progress towards socialism resistance of the class enemy inevitably had to grow. For decisive destruction of this resistance, in accordance with the order of the NKVD numer 00447, troika’s were created. These troika’s were personally responsible for the inhumane mass repression – killings and directions to the Gulag camps of hundreds of thousands of people. This situation had its own local peculiarities in the CHIASSR, and they are clearly visible in the work and the tragic fate of the pupil of the Soviet system, the second person in the party hierarchy of this Soviet autonomy – Hasy Vahaev.
RU
Большой террор – массовые репрессии, развязанные Сталиным против советского народа, наиболее ярких и образованных его представителей. Этот политический и физический террор приобрел свои локальные особенности в регионах страны, в том числе и в Чечено-Ингушской АССР. В соответствии со Сталинской доктриной, продвижение вперед к социализму со- провождалось неминуемым возрастанием сопротивления классового врага в СССР. Для его решительного уничтожения создавались тройки в соответствии с приказом НКВД № 00447. Эти тройки несли персональную ответственность за бесчеловечные массовые репрессии — расстрелы и направления в лагеря ГУЛАГа сотен тысяч людей. Эта ситуация имела свои локальные особенности в ЧИАССР и они явно просматриваются в деятельности, трагической судьбе воспитанника советской системы, второго лица в партийной иерархии этой советской автономии – Хаси Вахаева.
EN
Aurelia Kotkiewicz’s article is devoted to the tragic story of Carola Neher’s life. Carola Neher was an extraordinary German actress and a close associate of Bertolt Brecht. In the 1930s, she escaped from the Nazi regime to the Soviet Union, there to become one of the victims of the Great Terror. The fate of Carola Neher was the inspiration for an exhibition put up by the International Memorial Society in 2017 called “Carola Neher’s Theater of Life” and for the theatrical spectacle Memoria, staged by the Меyerhold Center in Moscow and directed by Anastasia Patlai.
RU
Статья посвящена трагической судьбе Каролы Неер, выдающейся немецкой актрисы, сотрудницы Бертольта Брехта. В 30-е годы прошлого века Неер выехала из нацистской Германии в Советский Союз. Через несколько лет она стала одной из жертв Большого террора. Судьба актрисы легла в основу выставки «Театр жизни Каролы Неер», представленной Международным «Мемориалом» в 2017 году, а также пьесы Memoria, поставленной Анастасией Патлай в Центре им. Мейерхольда в Москве.
PL
Artykuł jest poświęcony tragicznej historii życia Caroli Neher - wybitnej aktorki niemieckiej, bliskiej współpracowniczki Bertolta Brechta. W latach 30. uciekła ona z nazistowskich Niemiec do Związku Radzieckiego i stała się jedną z ofiar Wielkiego Terroru. Losy artystki posłużyły jako temat wystawy zorganizowanej przez Międzynarodowe Stowarzyszenie „Memoriał” w 2017 roku oraz spektaklu teatralnego Memoria, wystawionego przez Centrum im. Меyerholda w Moskwie i wyreżyserowanego przez Anastasiję Patłaj.
EN
The article aims to map the counterintelligence activities of the authorities of the People's Commissariat of Internal Affairs (Narodnyi komissariat vnutrennikh del - NKVD) of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic against the Consulate General of the Czechoslovak Republic in Kyiv, which existed between June 1936 and April 1938. The authors make primary use of recently declassified documents from Ukrainian security archives and diplomatic reports of Consul General Rudolf Brabec (1884-1955). They first outline earlier Czechoslovak diplomatic representations in Soviet Ukraine and point out that their functioning was of particular importance for the newly established state, especially because of the existence of a large Czech minority there. The re-establishment of a diplomatic office in Ukraine after almost ten years took place after the establishment of official diplomatic relations between Czechoslovakia and the Soviet Union in 1934 and the opening of its embassy in Moscow. Czechoslovak diplomacy considered this step a success, but quickly sobered up. As the authors document, the Czechoslovak consulate almost immediately became an object of interest for the Soviet security forces and, after a few months (like other embassies in Ukraine) a central lightning rod for the then Stalinist regime's growing fears of foreign threats. Even before the "Great Terror" began, the consulate was the target of sophisticated actions by the Ukrainian NKVD authorities in an effort to control and gradually paralyse its activities, which eventually contributed to its closure. The authors show a clear connection between the measures taken against the Kyiv consulate and the repression of the Czech minority in Ukraine, which claimed many innocent victims in the late 1930s and early 1940s.
EN
It also shows how fatal the Trotskyite stigma was for non-conformist members of the Communist movement and how symptomatically the fate of both protagonists reflects the turbulent evolution of the domestic radical left-wing movement and Czechoslovak- Soviet relations during the inter-war period.
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