Search results

1

Wyznaczniki językowo-stylistyczne obrazu Wielkopolski w Listach z narodowej pielgrzymki Ryszarda Berwińskiego

100%

Maćkowiak K.

Poznańskie Studia Polonistyczne. Seria Językoznawcza

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2022

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vol. 29

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issue 1

97-116

EN

The article analyzes Listy z narodowej pielgrzymki ( Letters from the national pilgrimage ) by Ryszard Berwiński. It is a series of five texts written in prose in which the author tells his impressions from a trip to the vicinity of Gopło, probably in the summer of 1838. At that time, such escapades became fashionable in Poland. The aim of the study is to define the lexis used in the Letters to describe the cultural landscape of Greater Poland in order to identify the aforementioned word material and analyse the way it is used.

2

Dziedzictwo kulturowe Wielkopolski

100%

Molik W.

Przegląd Zachodni

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2016

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issue 2(359)

7-22

EN

The author discusses three selected elements of the cultural heritage of Greater Poland which can and should help the society of this region to cope with the challenges of the 21st century. He shows the role of Greater Poland in the cultural transfer from West European countries over a millennium of Polish history, from the reception of Christianity in the year 966 up to the 20th century. The second element of the cultural heritage of Greater Poland consists in the traditions of a civil society. In the 19th and the first half of the 20th century in this area a more modern society was shaped compared to other parts of Poland, a society aware of its goals and the advantages that follow from collective action. The opportunity to enhance the habit and skills of continued activity based on a thorough analysis of social needs and implementation of rational measures to deal with them gave rise in the 1830s to a gradually developed system of Polish economic, social, educational and other organizations which were only dismantled by the communist authorities in the first years after the Second World War. The third of the selected elements of the cultural heritage of Greater Poland described by the author is the contribution made to the region’s economic, social and cultural development by German settlers arriving in waves since the 13th century, as well as Jews, the Czech Brothers and other refugees from Bohemia and Moravia who arrived in large numbers in the second half of the 16th century.

3

Rozplanowanie małych miast wschodniej Wielkopolski. Analiza zmian w świetle teorii składni przestrzeni

89%

Lamprecht M.

Rozwój Regionalny i Polityka Regionalna

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2020

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issue 52

59-79

EN

The article contains the results of research on the spatial configuration of small towns in eastern Greater Poland. The research process and conclusions are based on the theory and tools of space syntax. The studies conducted in this field so far indicate that the approach typical of space syntax introduces significant threads in the studies on the functioning of urban societies. The connections between the configurational properties of space and pedestrian traffic, spatial segregation of residents, the location of businesses as well as the level of economic activities have been confirmed. This approach to the morphology of urban estates is relatively rare in the Polish arena. This article constitutes an attempt at filling this gap. It focuses on the spatial configuration of the smallest towns in eastern Greater Poland and attempts to assess the changes that occurred in their plans in the last 100 years in light of integration, one of the key measures of space syntax. Analyses have shown that there have been crucial changes to the studied towns in the analysed period of time. The layouts of almost all centres have developed, regardless of the changes to population level. The scale of spatial changes is connected to the demographic condition, especially in the towns which increased their population potential.

PL

Artykuł zawiera wyniki badań nad konfiguracją przestrzeni małych miast wschodniej Wielkopolski. Postępowanie badawcze oraz wnioskowanie oparte zostało na teorii i narzędziach składni przestrzeni (space syntax). Dotychczasowe badania utrzymane w tym nurcie wskazują, że ujęcie charakterystyczne dla składni przestrzeni wprowadza wartościowe wątki do badań nad funkcjonowaniem społeczeństw miejskich. Dowiedziono m.in. związków pomiędzy konfiguracyjnymi własnościami przestrzeni a ruchem pieszym, segregacją przestrzenną mieszkańców oraz lokalizacją przedsiębiorstw i aktywnością gospodarczą. Na arenie polskiej takie podejście do morfologii osiedli miejskich jest stosunkowo rzadkie. Prezentowany artykuł stanowi próbę wypełnienia tej luki. Przedstawione rozważania koncentrują się na konfiguracji przestrzeni najmniejszych miast wschodniej Wielkopolski oraz ocenie zmian ich rozplanowania w okresie ostatnich 100 lat, w świetle integracji, jednej z kluczowych miar składni przestrzeni. Analizy wykazały, że w rozplanowaniu badanych miast zaszły w analizowanym okresie istotne zmiany. Niemal wszystkie badane ośrodki rozwinęły swoje układy, niezależnie od zmiany stanu ludnościowego. Skala przeobrażeń przestrzennych nawiązuje do sytuacji demograficznej, zwłaszcza w miastach, które powiększyły swój potencjał ludnościowy.

4

Zwierzęce szczątki kostne z dawnego grodu w Dusinie, stanowisko 1, gm. Gostyń

89%

Makowiecki D.

Folia Praehistorica Posnaniensia

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2021

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vol. 26

227-239

EN

This article presents the results of a specialist archaeozoological analysis of materials from an early medieval stronghold in Dusina, in southern Greater Poland. The examined bones come from millennium excavations and are a fragment of the collection obtained at that time. The remains were subjected to a description of zoological, anatomical and biological features, presenting the composition of individual taxa, as well as identifying traces on bones, indicating slaughtering activities and preferences in the selection of animal carcass parts

5

Umowy polsko-niemieckie w sprawie amnestii z lat 1919−1922

88%

Cybulski B.

Prawo

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2014

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issue 316/2

161 - 176

EN

The diplomatic actions of Polish and German (Reich) governments of 1919–1922 aimed at the normalization of relations between the population of Poland and Germany on the disputed areas of Upper Silesia, Greater Poland (Wielkopolska) and Pomerania are discussed in this article. After the First World War, the Poles living in the Prussian provinces (or parts thereof): province Schlesien (Opole Region), province Posen (Grand Duchy of Poznań) and province Westpreussen (Gdańsk Pomerania) undertook intensive efforts to join the inhabited land to the nascent Polish state. The local German people and the Prussian administration were against these efforts. The conflicts swelled and led to bloody confrontations (Uprising in Wielkopolska and three Silesian Uprisings). Under pressure of allied powers the Polish and German governments were forced to take actions leading to the deescalation of confl icts. The article discusses one of the manifestations of these activities, namely the conclusion of the amnesty agreement signed on 1 October 1919 in Berlin, and the so-called supplementary agreement of 12 February 1921. The agreements went far beyond the typical acts of amnesty because they included all persons (Poles and Germans) who committed acts constituting a violation of the law or were deprived of their liberty for political or nationality reasons, or in connection with their participation in the fi ghting on the disputed areas. The article analyzes the above-mentioned agreements and evaluates their practical effects.

6

Akta sejmikowe jako źródło do dziejów miast i mieszczaństwa

88%

Bulińska K.

Śląski Kwartalnik Historyczny Sobótka

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2022

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vol. 77

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issue 2

85-116

EN

The paper discussed using dietine (sejmik) files in research on history of cities and bourgeoisie. Based on dietine files of Greater Poland provinces, the potential of utilizing this type of material during the exploration of the history of municipal centers in all regions of Poland were outlined. Additionally, the author created classification of the municipal issues debated on dietine sessions, encompassing seven principal categories.

7

Dystrybucja i rola sztyletów krzemiennych wśród społeczności grupy kościańskiej kultury unietyckiej – analiza typologiczno-chronologiczna materiałów z Niziny Wielkopolsko-Kujawskiej oraz studium przypadku znaleziska z Bronikowa (gm. Śmigiel)

87%

Teska S., Pyżewicz K., Majorek P.

Folia Praehistorica Posnaniensia

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2018

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vol. 23

169-188

EN

The article focuses on the matter of significance of flint daggers on the area settled by Early Bronze Age societies connected with Únětice Culture Kościan Group. Analytical part is separated into two sections. The first is a case study of a stray find from Bronikowo (com. Śmigiel) and the second involve typological analysis of flint daggers from western part of Polish Lowlands. Results gathered give an overview of an issue propounded in a title.

8

Funkcja frazeologizmów w wybranych poznańskich powieściach kryminalnych

75%

Nowak M.

Adeptus

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2019

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issue 13

EN

The function of phraseology in selected crime novels set in the city of PoznańThis article presents several patterns concerning the function of phraseology in contemporary crime novels set in the city of Poznań. Standard Polish phraseologisms make the characters’ speech more colloquial, natural and expressive and are used to convey their emotions. The use of phraseological units typical of the region of Greater Poland adds local colour and makes the novels more realistic by closely relating them to the space where they are set. The use of phraseology also serves to characterise the protagonists. The study analyses four novels: Arcymistrz (Grandmaster) by Piotr Bojarski, Polichromia (Polychromy) by Joanna Jodełka, Upiory spacerują nad Wartą (Ghosts Walking on the Warta) by Ryszard Ćwirlej and Elektryczne perły (Bone Pearls) by Konrad T. Lewandowski. Funkcja frazeologizmów w wybranych poznańskich powieściach kryminalnychArtykuł prezentuje kilka prawidłowości widocznych w funkcjonowaniu frazeologizmów w wybranych współczesnych powieściach kryminalnych, których akcja rozgrywa się w Poznaniu. Frazeologizmyogólnopolskie przede wszystkim sprawiają, że wypowiedzi bohaterów przypominają mowę potoczną, są bardziej naturalne i ekspresywne. Bohaterowie w ten sposób przekazują swoje emocje. Frazeologizmy typowe dla Wielkopolski dodatkowo oddają koloryt lokalny i sprawiają, że powieści są oryginalniejsze, ściśle związane z przestrzenią, w której rozgrywa się akcja. Poza tym użycie frazeologizmów pozwala scharakteryzować bohaterów. Analizie poddano cztery powieści różnych autorów: Arcymistrza Piotra Bojarskiego, Polichromię Joanny Jodełki, Upiory spacerują nad Wartą Ryszarda Ćwirleja oraz Elektryczne perły Konrada T. Lewandowskiego.

9

Ruch abstynencki w Wielkopolsce w latach 1840–1902

75%

Krasińska I.

Folia Historica Cracoviensia

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2013

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vol. 19

247–278

PL

W artykule przedstawiono powstanie i rozwój ruchu abstynenckiego w Wielkopolsce w XIX stuleciu. Cezura początkowa badań, to rok 1840, uważany przez niektórych badaczy za datę przełomową w historii zorganizowanego ruchu abstynenckiego na tych terenach. Powstało bowiem wówczas Towarzystwo ku Przytłumieniu Używania Wódki w Wielkim Księstwie Poznańskim. Zainicjował go lekarz – chirurg De La Roch (Niemiec o francuskim rodowodzie). Sprawą abstynencji zainteresowali się również wielkopolscy duchowni katoliccy na czele z kościelnymi hierarchami: arcybiskupem gnieźnieńskim i poznańskim Leonem Przyłuskim, Mieczysławem Halka Ledóchowskim, Florianem Oksza Stablewskim oraz biskupem Janem Kantym Dąbrowskim. Zafascynowała ich m.in. działalność ks. Jana Nepomucena Ficka – proboszcza z Piekar Śląskich i kilku innych kapłanów, z inicjatywy których już w pierwszym półroczu 1844 roku powstało na Górnym Śląsku wiele kościelnych bractw wstrzemięźliwości. Za sprawą bp. Dąbrowskiego w latach 1844–1845 ok. 100 tys. osób złożyło śluby trzeźwości, wstępując do bractw wstrzemięźliwości. W 1852 roku na tereny Wielkopolski przybyli z Galicji jezuiccy misjonarze: ks. Karol Bołoz Antoniewicz, ks. Teofil Baczyński i ks. Kamil Praszałowicz, by m.in. za pomocą stosownych kazań odwodzić od pijaństwa. Wielkopolscy duchowni aktywnie działali również w świeckich towarzystwach abstynenckich. Włączyli się w prace zorganizowanego w Kórniku w 1887 roku przez Zygmunta Celichowskiego Towarzystwa Szerzenia Wstrzemięźliwości, a zwłaszcza istniejącego od 1890 roku w Poznaniu Towarzystwa Wstrzemięźliwości „Jutrzenka”. Inicjatorem i pierwszym prezesem „Jutrzenki” był Józef Chociszewski, a po jego rezygnacji ks. Józef Kłos.

EN

The article presents the origins and development of the idea of absenteeism in Greater Poland in the 19th century. The start date for the research is 1840, which is considered to be a breakthrough year in the history of an organized absenteeism movement in Greater Poland. It was due to the Association for the Suppression of the Use of Vodka (Towarzystwo ku Przytłumieniu Używania Wódki) in the Great Duchy of Posen that was then established in Kórnik. It was a secular organization that came into being on an initiative of doctor De La Roch, who was a German surgeon of a French origin. However, as early as 1844, the idea of absenteeism raised an interest of catholic clergymen of Greater Poland with high ranking clergy such as Rev. Leon Michał Przyłuski, Archbishop of Gniezno and Rev. Jan Kanty Dąbrowski, Archbishop of Posen, and later on Archbishops Rev. Mieczysław Halka Ledóchowski and Rev. Florian Oksza Stablewski. They were fascinated with activities of Rev. Jan Nepomucen Fick, Parish Priest of Piekary Śląskie and several other priests on whose initiative a lot of church brotherhoods of so called holy continence were set up in Upper Silesia as early as the first half-year of 1844. It was due to Bishop Dąbrowski that 100 000 people took vows of absenteeism in 1844–1845, becoming members of brotherhoods of absenteeism. In turn, it was an initiative of Archbishop Przyłuski that Jesuit missionaries – Rev. Karol Bołoz Antoniewicz, Rev. Teofil Baczyński and Rev. Kamil Praszałowicz, arrived in Greater Poland from Galicia in 1852 to promote the idea of absenteeism. Starting from 1848, they were helping Silesian clergymen to spread absenteeism. Clergymen of Greater Poland were also active in secular absenteeism associations. They became involved in the workings of the Association for the Promotion of Absenteeism that was set up by Zygmunt Celichowski in Kórnik in 1887, and especially in the Jutrzenka Absenteeism Association (Towarzystwo Wstrzemięźliwości „Jutrzenka”) that was established in 1890 in Posen. An initiator and the first president of Jutrzenka Association was Józef Chociszewski, who after his resignation was followed by Rev. Józef Kłos. The article discusses the origins and activities of these associations and brotherhoods in more detail and presents their initiators, leaders and active participants.

10

Wczesnośredniowieczne grodzisko w Dusinie, pow. gostyński, woj. wielkopolskie w świetle ponownej analizy archeologicznej

75%

Mizerka J.

Folia Praehistorica Posnaniensia

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2021

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vol. 26

171-226

EN

The article presents the results of another archaeological analysis carried out on materials from an early medieval settlement in Dusina in southern Greater Poland. The data obtained during the excavations, during the millennium research, prompted the recognition of the settlement as the oldest motte-type object in Poland. During the verification of the old findings, the ceramic material and the stratigraphic situation were re-analyzed, radiocarbon dating was made, and historical and cartographic data were used to confirm the chronology of the stronghold as well as the course of events that led to severe damage and disturbance of the original appearance of the stronghold. A contour plan and a model of the terrain were also prepared.

11

Two fibulae from the Early Iron Age found out of context in eastern Wielkopolska

75%

Kaczmarek M., Wawrzyniak M.

Analecta Archaeologica Ressoviensia

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2016

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vol. 11

261-274

12

Niemiecka wielka własność ziemska w Wielkopolsce w latach 1815-1914

75%

Mudzo F.

Przegląd Zachodni

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2016

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issue 2(359)

23-41

EN

A great landed estate is defined as a farmstead of a minimum area of 100 hectares, operating either as an independent enterprise or owned by the gentry or wealthy middle class. The functioning of such landed estates (in Germany and under the Prussian partition known as Rittergüter) was closely linked to the ownership structure of past times, when private ownership of land entailed a number of privileges and a high social prestige. The Poznań Province was an exporter of crops and agricultural produce and on account of its geographical and geopolitical location was perceived as part of the East Elbian economy (Ostelbien). At the same time it was an outlet for manufacturers of farming tools and machines from the neighboring provinces (mainly Brandenburg). At the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries the Greater Poland village was dominated by German great landed estates which within the span of a century managed to allegedly permanently link Greater Poland to Prussia and the German state. The participation of German landed estate owners in the economic and social life of Greater Poland in the years 1815-1914 must be assessed as a dynamic process of transformation of the entire Greater Poland within just one century. Those changes were still noticeable in the interwar period when a majority of the landed estate owners assumed Polish citizenship and actively contributed to the economic and political life of the Second Republic of Poland.

13

Mniejszości narodowe i etniczne w województwie wielkopolskim

75%

Pawełczak P.

Przegląd Zachodni

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2013

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issue 3(348)

197-216

EN

The paper describes the situation of national and ethnic minorities in the Greater Poland voivodship. A part of the research refers to the results of a field study done by the author in the years 2011-2013. On the basis of the numeric size, territorial location, internal organization and activity of NGOs the minorities studied were classified into three groups. The following minorities are described: Russian, Belorussian, Lemko, Lithuanian, Armenian, Tartar, Czech, Greek, Bulgarian, Ukrainian, Jewish, German and Rom. The minorities in Greater Poland are rather small in number and territorially dispersed. They do not form any compact local communities in any region of the voivodship. Particular national and ethnic minorities differ in the scale of internal organization. As these minorities live in deep diaspora they do not form any noteworthy NGOs that would in a significant way influence the political, social or cultural life of the region.

14

Kultura ziemiaństwa niemieckiego w międzywojennej Wielkopolsce. Próba charakterystyki pojęcia

75%

Nadolska A.

Przegląd Zachodni

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2015

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issue 3(356)

139-152

EN

The focus of the article is the culture of German landed gentry during the interwar period in Greater Poland. The author analyzes the culture of German landed gentry based on cultural studies, history and sociology and expounds the concept of "German landed gentry." The article also provides information about families of some German landed gentry living in Greater Poland during the interwar period.

15

Między wyjątkowością a wstydem. Świadomość językowa mieszkańców powiatu ostrowskiego

71%

Osowski B.

Gwary Dziś

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2019

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vol. 11

EN

The article presents issues related to language awareness. The purpose of the text is to present the opinions of residents of Ostrów Wielkopolski powiat about dialects. The material was obtained by means of an online survey. The analysis raises several issues: the occurrence of dialects around Ostrów Wielkopolski, the identified features of dialects, associations evoked by the word “dialect” (the dialect stereotype), the geography of dialects as perceived by the respondents, attitude to dialects, generational occurrence of dialects.

PL

W artykule zajęto się zagadnieniami związanymi ze świadomością językową. Celem tekstu jest przedstawienie, co mieszkańcy powiatu ostrowskiego sądzą o gwarach. Materiał pozyskano za pomocą ankiety internetowej. Analiza porusza kilka kwestii: występowanie gwar w okolicach Ostrowa Wielkopolskiego, zauważane cechy gwar, skojarzenia wywołane przez słowo „gwara” (potoczny stereotyp gwary), geografia gwar w świadomości ankietowanych, stosunek do gwary, pokoleniowe występowanie gwary.

16

Rozwój kultu św. Jadwigi Śląskiej w Wielkopolsce

63%

Wiącek K.

Studia Paradyskie

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2019

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issue 29

189-204

PL

Święci Pańscy wskazują nam, jak zmierzać do Boga poprzez ciągłą pracę nad sobą i świadectwo życia. Stanowią specyficzne narzędzie oddziaływania Boga, który przez przykład życia czczonych w liturgii, wzbudza w sercach wiernych pragnienie wcielania w czyn Ewangelii. Autor artykułu zwrócił uwagę, że chrześcijański kult świętych jest wciąż aktualny. W niniejszym artykule podjęto próbę krótkiej syntezy rozwoju kultu św. Jadwigi Śląskiej na ziemi wielkopolskiej. Na podstawie dostępnych materiałów i opracowań ukazano rys historyczny i kwestię rozumienia kultu świętych we wspólnocie kościoła, przedstawiono życie i działalność księżnej Śląska, jej kanonizację, rozwój kultu po śmierci i wpływ jej życia na pobożność średniowieczną. Następnie przedstawiono rozwój kultu świętej w Wielkopolsce od kanonizacji do lat 50 –tych XX w. oraz następstwa kultu w pobożności ludowej, w postaci legend, które stworzono na ziemi poznańskiej na przestrzeni dziejów.

EN

Saints of the Lord show us, how to reach God through the continuous work on ourselves and the testimony of life. They are a specific tool for the influence of God, who, through the example of life of the venerated in the liturgy, arouses in the hearts of the worshippers the desire to incarnate in the Gospel deed. The author of the article took notice that the Christian cult of saints is still valid. This article shows a short synthesis of the cult of St. Hedwig of Silesia in Greater Poland. On the basis of available sources, a historical outline and the issue of understanding the cult of saints in the church community were presented as well as the life and work of the Princess of Silesia, her canonization, the development of worship after her death and the impact of her life on medieval piety were presented. Moreover, the development of sacred worship in Greater Poland from the canonization up to the 1950s and the sequence of worship in popular piety, in the form of legends, which were created in the region of Poznań throughout the history, were presented.

17

Rozgrywki piłkarskie na terenie Wielkopolski a kształtowanie patriotyzmu polskiej młodzieży w latach 1906–1923 i 1939–1943

63%

Owsiański J., Szubert R.

Rozprawy Naukowe Akademii Wychowania Fizycznego we Wrocławiu

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2016

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vol. 55

100-113

EN

Background. At the end of the 19th century, football development among the Polish youth inhabiting the Greater Poland region, then under the Prussian annexation, was strictly connected with political events. The native language was forbidden; creating truly Polish associations, including sports clubs, was also banned. However, the Polish people tried to reinforce the Polish spirit and promote patriotic values. Young Poles courageously developed football in Greater Poland at that time. The main objective of the study was to provide examples of patriotic activities bound with football competitions under the Prussian and Nazi occupation. Material and methods. The authors employed the methods of historic source analysis, induction, deduction, synthesis, and comparison. Results and conclusions. The hard times of annexation and World War II did not inhibit the growth of football in Greater Poland. Indeed, they contributed to its development. Polish sports associations were often established in conspiracy, and football competitions were not only a matter of sport but also a way to manifest the national consciousness.

18

Problem tożsamości i poczucia lojalności Żydów pochodzących z zaboru pruskiego na przykładzie Alfreda Cohna (1901–1961)

63%

Alabrudzińska E.

|

EN

So far a very simplified picture of the transformation of the identity of Jews of West Prussia and Poznan land have functioned in the literature on the subject. The impulse to conduct the research on this issue became the publishing of the memories of Alfred Cohn, a typical German Jew, whose life and dramatic decisions show the complexity of the problem of identity and the sense of loyalty of the Jewish population of the territory of the Prussian partition. Alfred Cohn was close to recognizing himself as a German of the Jewish denomination. In 1920, without a shade of doubt, he decided to maintain loyalty to the German state and leave his family town Bydgoszcz, while in 1945 he decided the opposite. In order to clarify these contradictions, an analysis of the emancipation, acculturation and assimilation processes of the Jewish community of the territories of the Prussian partition of the 19th century and the first two decades of the 20th century was conducted. Subsequently, the results of this analysis were compared with studies on the identity of German Jews living in the Second and Third Reich. At least until the 1880s, the Jews of Greater Poland, and West Prussia considered themselves representatives of a separate nation, despite the already advanced process of assimilating German culture, customs and language, and showing loyalty to the German state. The assimilation reached its greatest intensity at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, leading to a strong integration of Jews with German society and the German state. This aggravated Polish-Jewish antagonism, especially in Greater Poland. After some of the lands of the former Prussian partition came under Polish rule, most Jews remained loyal to the German state, treating it as their homeland, and emigrated in the years 1918–1921 along with the majority of the German population. However, despite such decisions, despite the use of German as their mother tongue, and despite demonstrating German patriotism and the intense desire to blend in with German society, it is necessary to show great caution in the case of attempts to recognize the Jews of the Prussian partition only as a religious minority, although more than once they have defined themselves this way. In the Reich, Jews did not manage to merge with the German environment, either. They created their own Jewish-German cultural system. Their identity can be described as very specific, heterogeneous and shaped by contradictions and dilemmas. In the territories of the Prussian partition, the process of shaping the identity of German Jews was even more complicated as this community had to function also within the Polish society.

19

„Wychowanie państwowe” w prywatnych niemieckich szkołach powszechnych południowo-zachodniej Wielkopolski w latach trzydziestych XX wieku

63%

Gendera A.

Rozprawy z Dziejów Oświaty

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2019

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vol. 56

27-42

EN

The article deals with the implementation of Józef Piłsudski’s Sanation model of ‘state education’ in private primary schools with German as a medium of instruction, which in the Second Polish Republic in the 1930s functioned in south-western Greater Poland. It was a border area, critical for national security, culturally and historically bound by Polish–German relations. The schools belonged to individual lay people, United Evangelical Church communities or associations of the German national minority. The students, with few exceptions, belonged to the Lutheran Church. Audit reports filed by Polish school inspectorates prove that teaching, ie performance of teachers’ duties, was mainly influenced by current politics and Polish–German relations. Increased political tension in the second half of the 1930s resulted in a decline, though not universal, of ‘state education’, neglect of teaching the Polish language, history and geography, absence of Poland’s White Eagle emblem, separatist tendencies among the minority and a rise in ethnic hostility. Poor training of German teachers for teaching the Polish language was also revealed. Evangelical schools displayed worse results than others, which confirms the point advanced in historiography about the United Evangelical Church’s aversion to Poland.

20

Problem tożsamości i poczucia lojalności Żydów pochodzących z zaboru pruskiego na przykładzie Alfreda Cohna (1901–1961)

63%

Alabrudzińska E.

Zapiski Historyczne

|

2019

|

vol. 84

|

issue 3

101-122

EN

So far a very simplified picture of the transformation of the identity of Jews of West Prussia and Poznan land have functioned in the literature on the subject. The impulse to conduct the research on this issue became the publishing of the memories of Alfred Cohn, a typical German Jew, whose life and dramatic decisions show the complexity of the problem of identity and the sense of loyalty of the Jewish population of the territory of the Prussian partition. Alfred Cohn was close to recognizing himself as a German of the Jewish denomination. In 1920, without a shade of doubt, he decided to maintain loyalty to the German state and leave his family town Bydgoszcz, while in 1945 he decided the opposite. In order to clarify these contradictions, an analysis of the emancipation, acculturation and assimilation processes of the Jewish community of the territories of the Prussian partition of the 19th century and the first two decades of the 20th century was conducted. Subsequently, the results of this analysis were compared with studies on the identity of German Jews living in the Second and Third Reich. At least until the 1880s, the Jews of Greater Poland, and West Prussia considered themselves representatives of a separate nation, despite the already advanced process of assimilating German culture, customs and language, and showing loyalty to the German state. The assimilation reached its greatest intensity at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, leading to a strong integration of Jews with German society and the German state. This aggravated Polish-Jewish antagonism, especially in Greater Poland. After some of the lands of the former Prussian partition came under Polish rule, most Jews remained loyal to the German state, treating it as their homeland, and emigrated in the years 1918–1921 along with the majority of the German population. However, despite such decisions, despite the use of German as their mother tongue, and despite demonstrating German patriotism and the intense desire to blend in with German society, it is necessary to show great caution in the case of attempts to recognize the Jews of the Prussian partition only as a religious minority, although more than once they have defined themselves this way. In the Reich, Jews did not manage to merge with the German environment, either. They created their own Jewish-German cultural system. Their identity can be described as very specific, heterogeneous and shaped by contradictions and dilemmas. In the territories of the Prussian partition, the process of shaping the identity of German Jews was even more complicated as this community had to function also within the Polish society.

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