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1

The ebbs and flows of the Holocaust and the Gulag memory in EU-rope. Memory dynamics in national and transnational contexts

100%
Zessin-Jurek L.
Studia nad Autorytaryzmem i Totalitaryzmem
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2018
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vol. 40
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issue 3
87-103
EN
In spring 2017 the long-awaited House of European History in Brussels was opened. Its exhibition tries to tackle not only the tumultuous history of 20th-century Europe, but also the diverse cultures of memory that surround this topic. The article touches upon the problem of co-existence and mutual relationship of the two important, if not the most crucial, topics on the European mnemonic map: that of the Holocaust and that of the Gulag. The uneven and changeable development of these memory cultures has been presented in the historical perspective and analysed through the way they have functioned at the national (with Poland and Germany as examples) and transnational (EU) levels. The concluding statement encapsulates the thesis that the EU-ropean memory confl ict in its original phase, centred around Brussels, achieved its climax some years ago. Nowadays the problems of history and memory are administered mostly within the regional and, even more, national public spheres. As the focal point of European dispute, on the other hand, new — seemingly beyond historical — topics emerged. Among them is the cultural problem sparked by the mass infl ux of immigrants to Europe.
2
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FORCED MIGRATION OF UKRAINIAN KULAKS IN THE INTER–WAR PERIOD – STATE OF RESEARCH

100%
Chojnacka M., Szydywar-Grabowska K.
Colloquium Wydziału Nauk Humanistycznych i Społecznych AMW
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2017
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issue 4
137-146
EN
The topic of the Holodomor in Ukraine and the following deportation of Ukrainian kulaks was taken up by many authors from around the world, such as Michał Klimecki, Stanisław Kulczycki, Nikolai Ivnitski, Еlena Chernolutskaya (Елена Чернолуцкая), Anna Reid, Timothy D. Snyder or Pavel Polyan. Forced relocations from Ukraine were aimed at eliminating possible enemies of the communist system. The mass deportations should be seen to take roots in the resolution of 27 December 1929, the Stalinist authorities, and specifically the All-Union Conference of Marxist Farmers who spoke on accelerating the collectivization of the village. Importantly, a resolution was adopted to start the campaign to liquidate the kulak farmers as a class.
3

Remembrance and education about the Holocaust and Gulag crimes at selected museums and memorial sites in the context of learning from the past and human rights education

86%
Ambrosewicz-Jacobs J.
Studia nad Autorytaryzmem i Totalitaryzmem
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2018
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vol. 40
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issue 3
65-86
EN
Different historical narratives and collective memories linked to the constructions of national identity still divide Western and Central-Eastern Europe. The framework of Human Rights Education addressing universality and interdependence of Human Rights may have a potential to overcome divisions connected with national approaches to history. They may connect young people to “negative” memory and shameful, hidden, distorted historical narratives of the past of their own countries. The attitude of European societies towards the Holocaust is one of the themes still not included in many curricula. The history of the Holocaust and Soviet crimes in many countries still waits for contextual approaches. Museums and memorial sites in this context are carriers of memory of wars, genocides, slavery, totalitarian regimes, crimes against humanity, mass atrocities and memories of their victims. They are also signifi cant agents of historical socialisation. History education at memorial sites is a form of historical education based not on teaching about but rather on learning through the past. The text deals with empirical studies focused on education at museums and memorial sites and will explore issues related to education about the Holocaust and Gulag in selected case studies.
4
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Stone, Cross and Mask: Searching for Language of Commemoration of the Gulag in the Russian Federation

86%
Bogumił Z.
Polish Sociological Review
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2012
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vol. 177
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issue 1
71-90
EN
This article examines the commemoration practices of the Gulag in the Russian Federation. On the basis of qualitative data collected during a field research carried out in a few former lager districts (the Solovetsky Islands, Komi Republic, Perm region and Kolyma), I reconstruct a way the history of Soviet repressions was uncovered from oblivion and the process of Gulag commemoration began. Starting from the assumption that the Gulag memory was not started to working through in Russia till the end of 1980s, and that the last stage of Perestroika had a crucial influence on a way the repression past is nowadays commemorated in the country, I examine several memory projects erected in that time and show how the process of reworking the Gulag experience and presenting it in a narrative form occurred. On a base of the first exhibition dedicated to the Gulag past, SLON-Solovetsky Lager Osobogo Naznachenya, (the Solovetsky Special Purpose Camp) I reconstruct a process of rewriting history and describe how the repressive past was perceived at the end of the 1980s. In turn, analyses of meaning and social function of the monuments commemorating Gulag show that at the beginning there was a diversity of the past interpretations and that the processes of the transformation of the soft into the hard memory proceed quite quickly. However, since the mid-1990 a comeback to the traditional, well recognizable model of culture is visible. Thus, the memory of Gulag supported by the Russian Orthodox Church slowly dominates the social perception of the repressive past.
5
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Recepcja prozy Warłama Szałamowa. Próba systematyzacji

81%
Kulikowska M.
Kultury Wschodniosłowiańskie - Oblicza i Dialog
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2014
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issue 4
95-114
EN
The topic of this article is the reception of Varlam Shalamov’s output since his first official publication of The Kolyma tales in1978 inLondon until now. Works published inRussia andPoland, also inFrance,Great Britain,Italy,Israel,Germany,USA andAustralia have been deeply analysed. It was proved that first publications were dedicated to Varlam Shalamov’s biography and the portrayal of the Gulag civilization (since the second half of 90’s, last century). Problems of poetic in works are dominating in last publications. Apart of this, on the bases of thematics of chosen research papers in the article, some directions of further development of Shalamov’s legacy were determined.
PL
The topic of this article is the reception of Varlam Shalamov’s output since his first official publication of The Kolyma tales in1978 inLondon until now. Works published inRussia andPoland, also inFrance,Great Britain,Italy,Israel,Germany,USA andAustralia have been deeply analysed. It was proved that first publications were dedicated to Varlam Shalamov’s biography and the portrayal of the Gulag civilization (since the second half of 90’s, last century). Problems of poetic in works are dominating in last publications. Apart of this, on the bases of thematics of chosen research papers in the article, some directions of further development of Shalamov’s legacy were determined.
6

Wobec majestatu śmierci. Uwagi na marginesie lektury wspomnień Jefrosinii Kiersnowskiej 'Ile wart jest człowiek'

72%
Pawletko B.
Slavica Wratislaviensia
|
2018
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vol. 167
385-395
EN
Toward the majesty of death: Remarks during reading How Much is a Person Worth? by Eufrosinia Kersnovskaya The article presents an attempt to analyze the motive of death in the memories by Yesofrinia Kiersnovska. The attention is paid to the death in the labor camp, which is characterized by commonness, trivialization, crassness of funerary practices and the lack of mourning. The author of the book, much like other authors of the testimonies coming from the labor camps, tries, however, to portray an individual death. Her notes and drawings are a shocking proof of abjection and degradation of a man in the labor camp reality, the form of (auto)therapy, but most of all they commemorate many nameless victims of Gulag.
RU
Перед величием смерти. Заметки на полях воспоминаний Евфросинии Керсновской Сколько стоит человек В статье предпринимается попытка анализа мотива смерти в воспоминаниях Евфросинии Керсновской. Внимание сосредоточено на лагерной смерти, характерными чертами которой являются всеобщность, массовость, тривиализация, примитивизация погребальных практик, отсутствие траура. Однако, в книге Сколько стоит человек, как и в других лагерных свидетельствах, замечаем прежде всего описание смерти отдельных людей, смерти личностей. Записки, а также рисунки Керсновской являются свидетельством жестокости и деградации человека в лагерной действительности, формой (авто)терапии, но прежде всего попыткой упомянуть многих безымянных жертв Гулага.
7
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Perzekuce československých Židů v Sovětském svazu za druhé světové války

72%
Dvořák J., Hradilek A.
Historie – Otázky – Problémy (History, Issues, Problems)
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2013
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vol. 5
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issue 1
105-120
EN
Hundreds of thousands of refugees from Nazi German occupied Europe were met with various degrees of understanding and openness in many countries around the world. Those who ended up in the Soviet Union – a country still paralyzed by the “Great Terror” of the late 1930s – or in territories occupied by the USSR under the Molotov‑Ribbentrop Pact, faced specific treatment. Many of the refugees who escaped the Nazi persecution were arrested by the Soviet authorities, accused of illegal entry or of espionage, and were enslaved in Gulag labor camps. After the Nazi occupation of the Czech lands in March 1939, followed by the outbreak of the Second World War in September of the same year, more and more Czechoslovak citizens were leaving their country for the Soviet Union. Thousands of Czechoslovak Jews were among them. Soon after crossing the border or after the arrival of the Soviet occupiers, they faced the same fate as other refugees – arrests and years of hard labor in the most remote areas of the USSR. The rescue for some of them came, paradoxically, after the German attack on the Soviet Union. The Soviet leadership, compelled by the Czechoslovak government‑in‑exile, allowed the establishment of a Czechoslovak military brigade within the Soviet army and granted amnesty to Czechoslovak citizens in the Gulag in 1942. Czech Jews were strongly represented in the unit, distinguished themselves in the battles on the Eastern Front, and helped to defeat Nazi Germany and its Allies. Many of those who survived the harsh conditions of the Gulag died in these battles. Based on interviews with the survivors and their families and on recently discovered archive materials, the present study describes the stories of several Czechoslovak Jews who sought refuge from the Nazis in the USSR.
8

Virtual Tour of the Gulag

72%
Cernousek S.
Acta Universitatis Sapientiae, European and Regional Studies
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2015
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vol. 7
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issue 1
79-81
EN
The study presents a virtual tom of the Gulag camp (www.gulag.cz ), which consists of the 3D visualization of the labour camp and the panoramic toms of all types of barracks. It is a unique opportunity to familiarize with the conditions, to see how Gulag camps really looked like, especially as there is no museum built from former Gulag camps in Russia today. The description of everyday life in the camp is illustrated by witnesses’ testimonies. The tour is accompanied by a general overview of the Gulag system and the stories of Czechoslovak, Hungarian, and Polish citizens arrested in the Gulag. The virtual tour is the result of three Czech expeditions to the furthest flung parts of Siberia (in 2009, 2011, and 2013), aiming to map what has remained of the abandoned Gulag camps in those areas.
9
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Peryferyjne zjawiskagospodarcze ewoluujący system światowy. Próba porówniania geopolitycznego znaczenia sowieckiego górnictwa archipelagu Gułag i północnoamerykańkich gorączek złota

58%
Mikołajec J.
Przegląd Geopolityczny
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2014
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vol. 9
201-212
PL
Artykuł jest próbą porównania dwóch zjawisk górniczych: północnoamerykańskich gorączek złota i górnictwa obozów pracy sowieckiego GUŁ-agu. Oba zjawiska były formami peryferyjnego górnictwa i ekspansji europejskiej cywilizacji na niezagospodarowane obszary. Większość gorączek złota miało miejsce w XIX i na początku XX wieku w Stanach Zjednoczonych, Kanadzie, Australii, Południowej Afryce i Nowej Zelandii. Niektóre obozy GUŁ-agu były położone w odległych regionach północno-wschodniej Syberii. Mimo wszystkich różnic między nimi, istniało wiele podobieństw dotyczących zarówno irracjonalnych jak i racjonalnych cech tych zjawisk.
EN
The article is an attempt at a comparison of two mining phenomena: North American gold rushes and mining of the Soviet Gulag labour camps. Both of them were a form of the peripheral mining and the European civilization expansion towards undeveloped areas. Major gold rushes took place in the 19th and early 20th centuries in the United States, Canada, Australia, South Africa and New Zeland. Some of the Gulag camps were positioned in the remote areas of northeastern Siberia. In spite of all the differences between them, there existed many similarities which concerned both irrational and rational features of these phenomena.
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