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Conversatoria Litteraria
|
2016
|
vol. 10
|
issue -
331-344
RU
In the 20th century, all the periodicals and literary journals were con-trolled by the USSR Union of Writers (Union of Soviet Writers) and thus literary works dealing with everyday life of Soviet forced-labour camp prisoners could only be published abroad. Once released from the camps, many Russian authors emigrated to the West where they could produce their literary works about life in the Gulag without fear of the totalitarian regime and its censors. One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich – Alexandr Solzenitsyn’s literary contribution to Gulag writings – proved to be a milestone in the history of Russian literature. At that time Gulag literature had already developed its own plot structure and unique voice. Novels set in the Gulag offer grim portrayals of the enslaved people, of ap-palling realities of life in the camps, and the methods used to dehumanise people in the Soviet reality. The antithesis of a prison – the governor appears in every work set in the Gulag.Boris Shiryaev – a writer and poet; author of the novel on the Solovki prison camp, in which he provided a graphic account of the brutal reality of the camp life. However, unlike many other authors tackling the subject of Gulags, people depicted by Shiryaev remained unbroken despite the monstrous reality of the camp. Through their perseverance and patience they set an example for other inmates.
EN
The Lager and Gulag experience is mainly known and discussed in the Polish school on the basis of male narratives (T. Borowski, G. Herling-Grudzinski). The article is based on long-overlooked female testimonies, which constitute extensive and necessary to take into account material of high source-informational as well as literary value. The author considers one element of a women’s camp experience, which is the sensation of time in a state of imprisonment: confinement in the confined and closely guarded space of a German concentration camp, a Soviet prison and a gulag located in the wilderness of the Russian North. She reflects on the individual and communal nature of the above experiences and their literary representation, situating them in light of the reflections of K. Jaspers, J. Leociak and psychiatrists dealing with post-camp trauma.
PL
Doświadczenie lagrowe i łagrowe znane jest głównie i omawiane w polskiej szkole na podstawie narracji męskich (T. Borowski, G. Herling-Grudziński). Artykuł oparty jest na długo niedostrzeganych świadectwach kobiecych, które stanowią obszerny i konieczny do uwzględnienia materiał o wysokiej wartości źródłowo-informacyjnej i literackiej. Autorka rozważa jeden z elementów kobiecego doświadczenia obozowego, jakim jest odczuwanie czasu w stanie uwięzienia: zamknięcia w ograniczonej i pilnie strzeżonej przestrzeni niemieckiego obozu koncentracyjnego, sowieckiego więzienia oraz łagru położonego na bezkresach rosyjskiej Północy. Zastanawia się nad jednostkowym i wspólnotowym charakterem powyższych doświadczeń i ich literackiej reprezentacji, sytuując je w świetle refleksji K. Jaspersa, J. Leociaka oraz psychiatrów zajmujących się poobozową traumą.
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