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1

RESULTS OF THE RESCUE EXCAVATIONS IN THE LUSATIAN CULTURE SETTLEMENT IN KOSZANOWO, SZAMOTULY REGION, WIELKOPOLSKIE VOIVODESHIP

100%
Zychlinska J.
Sprawozdania Archeologiczne
|
2005
|
vol. 57
451-461
EN
The authoress presents archaeological materials excavated at the Lusatian culture settlement in Koszanowo, wielkopolskie voivodeship and in particular the typological and stylistic analyses of pottery excavated during the rescue excavations. Relics of the outskirts of the Lusatian culture settlement were recorded, including 13 settlement features and a few hundreds of pottery fragments. Most of settlement features represented refuse pits. In spite of not numerous remains the described settlement of Lusatian culture confirms intensive settlement pattern in the Late Hallstatt period in the Szamotuly region. There are also results of some osteological and dendrological analyses, which deliver additional information about subsistence strategies of the settlers.
2

SMOLENICE-MOLPIR IN A LIGHT OF SCYTHIANS ATTCKS ON HALLSTATT SETTLEMENTS NORTH AND SOUTH OF THE MORAVIAN GATE

80%
Hellmuth A.
Slovenská archeológia (Slovak Archaeology)
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2006
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vol. 54
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issue 2
191-208
EN
This study is about the Scythian arrow-heads from the south-west Slavic hill fort from Smolenice-Molpir. The fortified settlement at the foothills of the Small Carpathes was examined in the sixties and seventies of the 20th century by M. and S. Dusek for the Archeological institute of the Slovak Academy of Science. Weapons of Scythian type, especially the bronze two- and three-winged arrow-heads, are foreign objects in the local cultural material remains. Arrow-heads of this kind are known for a long time from the north pontic kurgans of the Iron Age. At the end of the 8th century and especially in the 7th century before Christ this type of weapon is found repeatedly in the northern region of the Black Sea, but already also in the Carpathian Basin. They were found in the destruction layers of the fortified settlements in a wide spread area in the northern and southern regions of the Moravian Gate. Furthermore they indicates attacks of Scythian warriors from Transylvania on the one side and the north pontic steppes on the other side.
3

RESEARCHES ON THE WEIGHT OF SCYTHIAN ARROWHEADS FROM THE HALLSTATT HILLFORT IN SMOLENICE-MOLPIR

80%
Helmuth A.
Slovenská archeológia (Slovak Archaeology)
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2007
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vol. 55
|
issue 2
285-294
EN
In the year 2006, the researches on the weight of bronze arrowheads of the so-called Scythian type from the hillfort in Smolenice-Molpir (southwestern Slovakia) have brought to light some new interesting facts. The hillfort was excavated in the late 1960s and 1970s by S. and M. Dusek. They found nearly 400 bronze arrowheads of the Scythian type with two or three wings or of three-edged shape. By the authoress of this article, the researches showed that these arrowheads belong to the different tribes of the riding nomads, which destroyed the settlement in the late 7th century BC. The analysis of distribution of the different weights of arrowheads (light: 2-3 g; middle: 3-4 g; heavy: more than 4 g) resulted in following: In some areas of Smolenice-Molpir hillfort with the stronger fortification, (for example the gate III), the arrowheads with a higher weight were found than in the other areas with less fortification. Furthermore, no connection between the weight and the arrowhead special type has been found. This fact is very surprising and it signifies that the weight of an arrowhead depends on material, not on his shape.
4
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SKLENÉ KORÁLIKY Z DOBY HALŠTATSKEJ NA VÝCHODNOM SLOVENSKU

80%
Miroššayová E., Olexa L.
Študijné zvesti
|
2009
|
issue 45
99 - 103
EN
Finds of glass beads from Eastern Slovakia are recorded on several sites. An undecorated red-brown bead from the burial ground in Vojnatina, distr. of Sobrance, from the end of the Bronze Age or the beginning of the Hallstatt period belongs to the oldest finds. Other specimens belong to the young and the late Hallstatt period. The largest collection of glass beads of various types comes from the cemetery in Ždaňa, distr. of Košice-okolie, on the basis of existing finds; this cemetery has been provisionally dated back to the HD stage. Among the glass beads from Eastern Slovakia, types chronologically comparable to finds in the Vekerzug culture within the Carpathian Basin prevail considerably. In a wider cultural context, these glass beads can be compared to the finds from the East-Hallstatt sphere. The specimens from the late Hallstatt settlement in Rad, distr. of Trebišov, rang among rare types with some analogies in the cultures north and east of the Carpathians.
5

SLOVENSKÉ POVODIE IPĽA V DOBE HALŠTATSKEJ (STAV VÝSKUMU)

80%
Mitáš V.
Studia Historica Nitriensia
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2017
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vol. 21
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issue suppl.
283 - 296
EN
The article deals with the state of research of the Hallstatt period in the Slovak territory of the Ipeľ river basin. Despite numerous terrain activities which started as early as the 19th century and basically continue until now, our knowledge of the Hallstatt period in the Ipeľ region can be characterized as insufficient and our information on individual sites as scarce. However, we must emphasize the fact that none of the settlements or burial grounds used mostly in stages HC or HD has not been investigated in detail so far. The source base and the extent of its processing suggest certain differences in the cultural development as well as discontinuity of the settlement (between stages HC and HD). While there are connections with the inner Carpathian development (the Eastern Hallstatt Culture in the south-western part of Slovakia and in Transdanubia, surviving Urnfield Cultures in the south of central Slovakia) in the material from HC, finds of the Vekerzug Culture from HD suggest connections with the east and southeast. It will be possible to create a more complex picture of the Hallstatt period in this specific territory mainly on the basis of projects including extensive and interdisciplinary investigations.
6

AUS DER NÄHE ODER AUS DER FERNE? ZU DEN HALLSTATTZEITLICHEN FUNDEN VOM ÖSTLICHEN TYP AUS MÄHREN

80%
Kozubová A., Golec M.
Slovenská archeológia (Slovak Archaeology)
|
2020
|
vol. 68
|
issue suppl 1
349 – 360
EN
In the present study, we deal with relatively numerous findings of eastern type from Moravia, which are dated to the whole stage HD. To provide more complex overview of those findings was at the centre of our interest, focused mainly on their cultural-spatial analysis and possible interpretations of their occurrence in Moravia. Four groups of their origin were identified. The analysis of these findings did not confirm the claims that their occurrence in Moravia is connected with the collapse of local groups of the East Hallstatt culture.
7

SKLENÉ KORÁLIKY DOBY BRONZOVEJ A HALŠTATSKEJ NA SLOVENSKU A STANOVENIE ICH FYZIKÁLNYCH CHARAKTERISTÍK

80%
Benediková L., Miroššayová E., Stegmann-Rajtár S., Illášová Ľ., Štubňa J.
Studia Historica Nitriensia
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2021
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vol. 25
|
issue 1
3 – 46
EN
The aim of the submitted study is to determine physical characteristics on selected groups of glass beads from the Early Bronze Age (HA) and the Hallstatt period (HC, HD) from northern, southwestern and southeastern Slovakia by means of non-destructive methods. We obtained data on the character of the glass beads’ quality using a binocular magnifier, microscope, Raman spectroscopy, absorbtion spectroscopy (UV-VIS-NIR), The analyzed collection of beads (from the burial grounds in Chotín, Ždaňa, Ilava, the cave settlement of Háj and the hillfort in Smolenice) contained various colour variants of glass beads (blue, green, yellow and black; brown clay or clay/ceramic beads are reported too) as well as various shapes. From the total number of analyzed beads (161 exemplars), clay or combined clay/ceramic beads are most frequent (74 exemplars). 16 exemplars were made of amber, one was made of another material and 70 exemplars were glass beads. Basic physical quantities were studied on black, blue, green and yellow glass beads.
8

Depotfund aus Skórka, Gde. Krajenka

70%
Rola J.
Sprawozdania Archeologiczne
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2011
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vol. 63
285-317
EN
The article presents a fortuitous dicovery of a votive hoard of 192 ornaments made of bronze and 3 glass beads from Skorka, site 32, Krajenka commune in the southern part of Pomerania The hoard was probably deposited in the 2nd half of the Vth period of the Bronze Age. The majority of described remains one can classify in frames of the Nordic culture circle.
9

NEW DATA ON THE BURIAL CUSTOMS IN THE EARLY IRON AGE ON THE BASIS OF EXAMPLES FROM NORTHEAST TRANSDANUBIA

70%
Novinszki-Groma K.
Studia Historica Nitriensia
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2017
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vol. 21
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issue suppl.
155 - 171
EN
The paper focused on the Early Iron Age cemeteries from Northeast Transdanubia. Some research results have already been published, especially concerning the burial mound and flat cemetery of Süttő and the flat cemeteries of Tatabánya-Dózsakert and Tatabánya-Alsó Vasútállomás. Some typical features of the burial customs are observed in these sites and also compared the results with those from the narrower area of Transdanubia and with some cemeteries of the East-Hallstatt cultural unit. The main aim – besides publishing the data – was to highlight the similarities between the burial customs of the two main types of the Early Iron Age burials, the tumuli and the flat cemeteries and also to call the attention to the differences between the elements of the rite.
10

DEPOT NÁRAMKOV Z DOBY HALŠTATSKEJ Z VRCHU ZÁRUBY V MALÝCH KARPATOCH

70%
Čambal R., Makarová E.
Slovenská archeológia (Slovak Archaeology)
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2020
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vol. 68
|
issue suppl 1
79 – 85
EN
Paper deals with a hoard of three bronze spiral rings passed to the collection of the SNM-Archaeological museum in Bratislava in 2004. They were found on the Záruby, the highest peak and the dominant of the Little Carpathians, in the cadastral district of Buková and Smolenice. The alleged location of the hoard almost on the top of the hill might point to the possibility of its ritual deposition. The spiral bracelets made of bronze wire with decorated ends date to the stage HD.
11

DEPOT VON SICHELN AUS DER HALLSTATTZEIT IN LETANOVCE

70%
Benedíková L., Soják M.
Slovenská archeológia (Slovak Archaeology)
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2021
|
vol. 69
|
issue suppl 2
19 – 27
EN
The paper deals with the analyses and evaluation of the hoard of five iron sickles with bent projection on the base, discovered in Letanovce in Spiš region. In Slovakia it is the sixth known site with the ocurrence of this type of artefact. The main territory of distribution of named type of sickles, dated to the Early Iron Age, is the area north and northwest to the Carpathian arc. Symbolic meaning of the Hallstatt Period iron sickles, found on different types of sites, is discussed.
12

REMARKABLE CONTINUUM: PROVODOV – ‘RYSOV’ HILLFORT BETWEEN 650 – 370 BC

70%
Čižmář I., Golec Mírová Z., Golec M.
Slovenská archeológia (Slovak Archaeology)
|
2021
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vol. 69
|
issue suppl 2
29 – 38
EN
The transition between the late Hallstatt period and the early La Tène period represents a notable phase of the Moravian prehistory. It is associated with the concept of the so-called ‘first Celtic expansion’ as promoted by Miloš Čižmář. The current sources on the 5th c. BC confirm the discontinuity of development in HD3 and LTA; and the expansion concept was recently confirmed by Petra Goláňová. Adding to the topic, Martin Golec and Zuzana Mírová have brought up the yet ignored aspect of central site with the continuity of elites during HD1 – D3 at Habrůvka – ‘Býčí skála’. The social system during the late Hallstatt period in Moravia can be defined as largely centralised, which conforms to P. Goláňová’s theory on LTA. The Provodov – ‘Rysov’ hillfort provides ample evidence in the form of findings dating to HD1 – LTA and is discussed within the framework of this topic.
13

NOTES ON DEVELOPMENT OF THE LUSATIAN CULTURE IN SLOVAKIA

70%
Kujovský R.
Slovenská archeológia (Slovak Archaeology)
|
2022
|
vol. 70
|
issue 1
81 – 104
EN
Thye author provides a brief summary of the historical development of the Lusatian settlement in Slovakia. Following from the published results of archaeological investigations and surveys of settlements and burial grounds of the Lusatian culture, he uses information related to the burial rite, economic background and material expressions of social relations to suggest division of the development of individual stages. In the second part of the article, he specifies the material content of suggested individual stages of historical development using elements typical for the relevant period. The beginnings of the Lusatian settlement have been discussed by experts for decades. Analysing the cultural base from which it was created, the author has come to a conclusion that the origin of the studied culture in Slovakia can be dated back as early as the Middle Bronze Age. He does not doubt the importance of the Tumulus culture in crystallization of the Lusatian culture. However, he points to the fact, that it was only one of the elements in this process in the north of Slovakia. He monitors gradual territorial expansion of the Lusatian culture, its relations to the neighbouring cultures. He deals only marginally with the generally accepted significant status of the Lusatian culture in production of bronze artefacts in its prime period in the Later and Final Bronze ages in Slovakia. For chronological conclusions, he uses the shapes and decorative motifs on pottery more frequently. In his article, the author presents his opinion of gradual extinction of the Lusatian settlement in Slovakia in the Hallstatt period. He deals with the causes of this development and its possible regional results, without an attempt to provide a detailed analysis of its expressions. More exact conclusions regarding development of the Lusatian culture in individual Slovak regions in the Hallstatt period require extensive, mainly field, archaeological investigation.
14
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SÍDLISKOVÉ OBJEKTY Z DOBY HALŠTATSKEJ V TRENČÍNE-ZLATOVCIACH

70%
Švaňa K., Kolon T., Hronec M.
Študijné zvesti
|
2022
|
vol. 69
|
issue 2
285-326
EN
The present paper is dedicated to the analysis of archaeological situations, settlement features and archaeological material from Trenčín-Zlatovce site, which were archaeologically excavated in 2017. The emphasis is on a detailed examination of the pottery, which includes wheel-made pottery in addition to the usual hand-formed vessels. Ceramics with an admixture of graphite are also represented. The assemblage thus represents rather exceptional evidence of the material culture from the Late Hallstatt period (HaD2 – HaD3). Therefore, it provides, on the one hand, evidence of the survival of older cultural traditions of the Lusatian culture and, on the other hand, indications of the diffusion of new or foreign technological elements in this period.
15
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GEOFYZIKÁLNA PROSPEKCIA A OBNOVENÝ SYSTEMATICKÝ VÝSKUM NA AKROPOLE V SMOLENICIACH-MOLPÍRE

61%
Ludwig K., Stegmann-Rajtár S., Tirpák J.
Študijné zvesti
|
2010
|
issue 47
41 - 51
EN
Restored archaeological excavation on Molpír hill-fort was undertaken in July 2008. Its main purpose was to identify the stratigraphy on the site in more detail and define periods of settlement in those places of the acropolis where excavation had not been carried out. Area 1/2008 was determined by geophysical survey. The stratigraphic situation was documented in the examined trenches, which brought new knowledge of the cultural layering. The hill-fort was populated in several prehistoric and early historic periods. The most intensive was settlement in the Early Iron Age (Hallstatt period). The excavation’s most significant result is uncovering of a part of stone foundations of a house and its inner space (destruction layer and hearth floor) from Hallstatt period (HC), whose dimensions correspond to the anomaly recorded already in the geophysical survey.
16
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OSÍDLENIE SEVERNEJ ČASTI NITRIANSKEJ PAHORKATINY A PRIĽAHLÝCH SVAHOV POVAŽSKÉHO INOVCA A TRIBEČA V DOBE ŽELEZNEJ

61%
Vangľová T.
Študijné zvesti
|
2008
|
issue 44
203 - 217
EN
One hundred and thirty-seven sites dated to the Iron Age have been registered in northern regions of Nitrianska pahorkatina hills and adjacent slopes of Považský Inovec and Tribeč hills. Sixty-eight of them (nine hill forts, four positions with grave units and fifty-five settlements) were dated to the Early Iron Age. The settlement was concentrated on the Nitra river stream; the most intensive one was documented within the area among Topoľčany, Nedanovce and Veľký Klíž. According to the recent knowledge, the Nitra river right bank seems to be unsettled (with the exception of upper Hlavinka brook area). Majority of sites are representing a background of eight hill forts. Sixty-nine sites (four hill forts, one grave unit and sixty-four settlements) were dated to the Late Iron Age. In this period the settlement was concentrated on both the Nitra river stream and its right bank – the Radošinka and Perkovský brooks. The space among Topoľčany, Nedanovce and Veľký Klíž was settled only sparsely in that period. The role of hill forts in the La Tène period was quite different from that in the Hallstatt period. While in the Early Iron Age hill forts had worked as defence and protection points for population, in the Late Iron Age they became trading centres.
17

PETROGRAPHIC METHODS IN THE STUDY OF HALLSTATT GLASS BEAD MANUFACTURING TECHNIQUES (Badania techniki wyrobu paciorków szklanych okresu halsztackiego metodami petrograficznymi)

61%
Purowski T.
Archeologia Polski
|
2008
|
vol. 53
|
issue 1
7-24
EN
Studies of techniques used for the manufacture of glass beads discovered at Lusatian sites are not much advanced. To date, it has been established solely that some of the beads from several sites were produced by the winding technique. Some beads from Wicina underwent additional treatment. Not all Hallstatt period beads bear evidence of the manufacturing technique. The glass is usually poorly transparent or of such good quality that no faults can be seen in the glass mass to suggest the character of these techniques. The forming in the case of these beads is commendable for its quality and it is clear that additional treatment had in most cases removed all traces of technical processes of manufacture. An effort was made to see whether the petrographic method can be of use in determining the production techniques. The method calls for examining thin sections cut from a given object in order to observe its internal structure under a microscope. Five beads (of HaD period) from Wicina stronghold were examiined. Three of these were of clearly transparent and the other two of poorly transparent glass. Three had the canal opening surfaces smoothened. Eight thin sections were cut: a transverse one, positioned perpendicularly to the long axis of the canal opening, for all five beads, and another longitudinal one, parallel to this axis, for three of them. The thin sections were then examined under a polarizing microscope. Nothing but a few small, mostly round gas bubbles could be observed in the sections of bead no. 5. Also the transverse section of bead no.19 revealed just single round gas bubbles. As for bead no. 29, both thin sections demonstrated many round gas bubbles of different size. The horizontal section also showed concentric trails around the canal opening, telltale signs of the winding technique used in its production. Bead no. 45 was made by a similar technique; the transverse section displayed many round gas bubbles accompanied by a few that were slightly ellipsoid in shape, arranged perpendicularly or at an oblique angle toward the canal axis. Both sections of bead no. 61 presented primarily very numerous round gas bubbles of different size. A magnified view of the same section revealed fine trails laid concentrically around the canal opening, as well as single slightly ellipsoid bubbles arranged obliquely, again proof of the winding technique in operation. In the case of this bead, the flat canal opening surfaces should be noted, evidently cut off and smoothened by the beadmaker. The results of the examination of petrographic thin sections of five glass beads from the Wicina have demonstrated the usefulness of the method in determining bead-making techniques attributed to the Halstatt period. In three cases, innumerous ellipsoid gas bubbles and trails betrayed the use of a winding technique - winding the glass mass on a rod - for the manufacture. In the other two cases, there were no features that could be interpreted but the glass of these beads, clearly transparent and greenish in color, was of very high quality (well melted and cleared) and the objects had undergone additional treatment, like cutting off, smoothening and grinding away any surface evidence of manufacturing technique. 13 Figures, 1 Table.
18
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NOVOOBJAVENÉ HRADISKO Z DOBY ŽELEZNEJ NA ORAVE V SEDLIACKEJ DUBOVEJ, POLOHA HÁJ

61%
Lofajová Danielová  B., Furman M.
Študijné zvesti
|
2022
|
vol. 69
|
issue 1
97 – 112
EN
The hillfort Háj in Sedliacka Dubová, dist. Dolný Kubín was discovered on LIDAR’s photo as part of the international police action so called “PANDORA VI”. In 2021, a non-destructive prospection and a detailed detector survey of the fortified area, including two survey trenches, took place by the authors of the paper in cooperation with the SEPTENTRIO Association. There was found a collection of several bronze, iron and ceramic artefacts, which can be dated to various periods from prehistory (younger stage of the Hallstatt period, La Tène period) to medieval and modern times.
19
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LASST DIE KNOCHEN SPRECHEN! KNOCHEN-, GEWEIH- UND ZAHNARTEFAKTE DER VEKERZUG-KULTUR

51%
Kozubová A.
Študijné zvesti
|
2020
|
vol. 67
|
issue 1
53 - 76
EN
In the present study, we deal with relatively numerous bone, antler and tooth artefacts of the Vekerzug culture, which come mainly from graves. Their settlement findings are yet less frequent because of limited state of publishing. Providing a more complex overview of these finds was at the centre of our interest, focused mainly on their cultural-spatial analysis, identifying the possible function of some types of artefacts and the analysis of decorative motifs on some bone/antler objects. In the Vekerzug culture, bone and antler artefacts are typological though less varied, but some of them like decorated hollow cylindrical objects, iron knives with a zoomorphic and/or geometric ornaments on the bone/antler grip and two-piece razors are its typical feature. Some types of weapons and their parts, horse harnesses, tools and toilet instruments were made of bone and antler. Pieces of bone and animal teeth were sometimes used for personal adornments. In the Vekerzug culture, the occurrence of some types of bone/antler artefacts we can associate with the influences from the eastern Hallstatt cultural milieu, while the eastern relations are rarely observed here.
20

CREMATION BURIAL GROUND OF THE EASTERN HALLSTATT AND VEKERZUG CULTURES IN NOVE ZAMKY. CONTRIBUTION TO NECROPOLISES OF THE HALLSTATT PERIOD IN THE EASTERN ALPINE - TRANSDANUBIAN REGION (Sloval title - below)

51%
Stegmann-Rajtar S.
Slovenská archeológia (Slovak Archaeology)
|
2009
|
vol. 57
|
issue 1
57-116
EN
(Title in Slovak - 'Ziarove pohrebisko vychodohalstatskej a vekerzugskej kultury v Novych Zamkoch. Prispevok k pohrebiskam doby halstatskej vo vychodoalpsko-zadunaskej oblasti'). The study presents the burial ground of the Early Bronze Age and the Early Iron Age (the Hallstatt Period) that was excavated in 1957-1958. From the total of 38 graves 29 were cremation burials of the Hallstatt period. The greater part of the necropolis were graves of the Eastern Hallstatt culture (Hallstatt culture of the central and north-eastern Transdanubian), fewer graves belong to the Vekerzug culture. Solving of the problem concerning chronological development was based on individual vessels or whole pottery sets found in one grave. Pottery was dominant in funeral ritual on the necropolis at Nove Zamky. Bronze and iron artefacts were found only in small numbers, but because of their over-regional importance they are as relevant source of information as pottery is and they became a decisive criterion for dating. The oldest graves are dated to the Early Hallstatt period (HC), i. e. to the 8th century BC. In that time it was a complex cultural process, which reflected the continuity of local traditions of the Late Bronze Age (the mid-Danubian and South-Eastern Urnfields and the Lusatian culture as well) and at the same time was formed also under the remarkable influence of the Mezocsat culture that had been spread to the territory of south-western Slovakia from the region of the northern Tisa basin during the 9th and at the beginning of the 8th centuries BC. The pottery typological analysis proved five time periods at the necropolis unambiguously. The phases I to IV are presented by graves of the Eastern Hallstatt culture; while the phase IV represents the transition period to the Vekerzug culture, which is presented in the phase V. In that time grave inventory structure underwent noticeable changes with its focus in the Late Hallstatt period (HD), i. e. to the 6th century BC. The period of cultural transformation was characterised by mixed grave inventory, in which surviving pottery shapes of the Eastern Hallstatt period were remarkable part.
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