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HEURISTIC REASONING IN INTERPRETING BOX PLOTS: THE INFLUENCE OF ORIENTATION

100%
Lem S., Vandebeek C., Onghena P., Verschaffel L., Van Dooren W.
Studia Psychologica
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2014
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vol. 56
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issue 2
127 – 136
EN
We studied how graph design principles can predict specific reasoning mechanisms that occur when misinterpreting box plots, and, more specifically, the misinterpretation of the area as a representation of frequency or proportion of observations, instead of density. In previous studies this misinterpretation has been shown to be heuristic in nature and is elicited by the fact that box plots do not use space in a natural way. Graph design principles provide a theoretical framework for assuming that the orientation of a box plot could influence its interpretation. By analysing reaction times and accuracy rates for different item types, we explored whether there indeed is an influence of the orientation of a box plot on the way it is interpreted. Results indicate that the misinterpretation manifests itself in both orientations to the same extent, suggesting that the orientation of a box plot does not influence the reasoning mechanisms it provokes.
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MAN AS CREATOR (Czlowiek jako tworca)

100%
Ziemianski S.
Horyzonty Wychowania
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2011
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vol. 10
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issue 20
47-59
EN
One of the criteria distinguishing man from other animals is creative activity. It requires identifying the relation of resources to the objective and a conscious decision to accomplish it. The objective must be something new, something that has never been there before. Creative thinking most often results from the needs. Needs in life provoke people to make discoveries and design inventions. This is how civilization comes into existence. As social beings, men strive to share their experiences with others. Thanks to this, culture comes into existence, covering artistic creation - iconic or symbolic. Not only does it assume special talents, but also training, in order to develop factors making up a creative personality. In the field of technological creation, various heuristic methods are used to find algorithms for solving problems. Artistic creation is less algorithmized since human psyche is complicated and differs significantly from a machine. Nevertheless, also in this sphere he application of heuristic methods is recommended, such as: data collection, leaving time for its subconscious analysis, realizing the results of brain work and checking them by comparison to other solutions. With the help of various exercises it is possible to develop ingenuity. Synectics deals with this as a creative training facilitating searching for new ways. Contemporary research into creation emphasizes the influence of environmental factors. It is essential in the sphere of children's creation, which constitutes one of the significant subjects of interest for heuristic.
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