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STATE AND LAW OF NATURE. SAMUEL CLARK'S CRITICISM OF THOMAS HOBBES

100%
Raube S.
Archeus. Studia z bioetyki i antropologii filozoficznej
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2008
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issue 9
49-69
EN
Several years after Hobbes' death his spirit was incessantly present in British philosophy. It aroused such a bitter controversy, that every philosopher or theologian who considered himself a Christian theist felt an irresistible obligation to dispute with Hobbes and to discredit his philosophy. The article presents the criticism of the thought of 'Leviathan's' author made by Samuel Clark, one of England's leading apologetic thinkers of the turn of the 17th and 18th century. Clark's criticism starts from a position of traditionally understood law of nature as God's creation. The main target of the attack is Hobbes' state of nature, interpreted by Clark as inconsistent with the deepest layer of human condition. Also, a vital element of Clark's objection is Hobbes' conception of God
2

K HISTORICKÝM ZDROJOM LIBERALIZMU – MEDZI POLITICKOU IDEOLÓGIOU A FILOZOFICKÝMI POJMAMI

88%
Švec J.
Filozofia (Philosophy)
|
2020
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vol. 75
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issue 5
341 – 355
EN
The ideology of liberalism is not a closed intellectual space where inspiration can no longer be found. Based on a comparison of three philosophers – Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, and their approaches to the key concepts of freedom, autonomy and property, the article explains the context of the historical evolution of liberalism in its early stages. The aim of the article is to show that liberalism does not have just one understanding of these concepts. In the context of this statement, we consider it as necessary to reconsider the traditional view of liberalism as an ideology that promotes laissez-faire policy and does not seek to actively counter social inequalities or to some extent interfere with the freedom and property rights of individuals.
3

REASONS, RULES, AND RIGHTS (Rezony, pravyla, prava)

88%
Gnassounou B.
Філософська Думка
|
2009
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issue 4
67-74
EN
Two meanings of the notion of duty are distinguished: the first one refers to practical necessity being an expression of the practical rationality; the second one refers to a normative order of obligations. There were temptations to reduce practical rationality to logic of norms, for example in Kant. Some major difficulties of this kind of analysis were pointed out by V. Descombes. The author explains the impossibility of the reverse reduction that is the reduction of normative notions to one of practical rationality. As a case study the conception of Hobbes is discussed in details. The author argues in favor of an implicit idea presented in Hobbes according to which the rights are conventional human institutions that nevertheless are founded on 'natural' reasoning , that is, as Descombes put it, on 'reasoning which aims the human good'.
4

HOBBES AS A PHILOSOPHER OF POWER

88%
Riška A.
Filozofia (Philosophy)
|
2006
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vol. 61
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issue 7
511-519
EN
This essay is devoted to a critical analysis of the theory of power of Thomas Hobbes, as he presented it especially in his masterpiece, Leviathan (1651). Considering new contributions to this theme (M. Weber, B. Russell, C. W. Mills, A. Goldman, S. Lukes, etc.), author strives to explicate Hobbes' ideas by means of such concepts as desire, interest, causation, as well as the right of nature and liberty. Special attention is being paid to the question of social contract and sovereign power, in which author sees a danger of a totalitarian grip on power.
5

VZŤAH SLOBODY, BEZPEČNOSTI A PRÁVNEHO ŠTÁTU (INTER ARMA SILENT LEGES)

63%
Hodás M.
Právny obzor. Teoretický časopis pre otázky štátu a práva (Juridical Review. Theoretical journal for the questions of state and law)
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2013
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vol. 96
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issue 3
201 – 221
EN
Security risks of today, terrorism, these are the factors that lead to breaching the traditional legal guarantees of the individual and to change of perception of human rights. The author deals with the thesis that the state must guarantee human rights, but in the effective elimination of security threats is forced to violate them. Against the background of the historical development of human rights and in the context of the philosophical concepts of relationship of the state and individual, relationship of freedom and security by Thomas Hobbes, John Locke and Immanuel Kant, the author seeks to clarify the function of human rights and the risk of breaching them. Guarantees of the freedom of individual are a response to impending dangers. Violation of human rights means loss of legitimacy of the state action. Security measures are often overreaction of state. We should not stop the effort to take the human as a purpose not means.
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