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1

ON HORSES

100%
Nemesne-Kiss S.
Magyar Nyelvor (Hungarian Language Guardian)
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2006
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vol. 130
|
issue 2
214-230
EN
This paper represents a section of a neglected area of onomatology: the research of names given to animals. It discusses special manners of animal naming, focusing on name giving in horse-breeding establishments. The general principles of horse name giving in Hungary are made clear first; then, the naming habits of Somogysard, a settlement in Southern Hungary are discussed in detail. From among her investigations of the body of names she collected, the author highlights a novel analysis of name semantics by way of which she circumscribes the notional areas that emerge from the meanings of the names and describes the semantic interrelations among the names discussed. The aim of the paper is to complement traditional onomatological research and compare it with a new way of analysing names, the conclusions of which may facilitate research on other types of names, as well.
2

THE FIGURE OF THE HORSE IN POLISH CULTURE. NOTES FROM PRIVATE HYPOLOGY (Figura konia w kulturze polskiej. Zapiski z prywatnej hipologii)

100%
Melbechowska-Luty A.
Konteksty - Polska Sztuka Ludowa
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2009
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vol. 63
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issue 4(287)
151-158
EN
A panoramic attempt at depicting the motif of the horse in Polish post-partition art, which featured the ethos of chivalry, struggle and heroism as well as tradition, customs and work associated with the gentry manor house and the countryside. Another component was the enormous sentiment and even love for the horse, the only creature to be endowed with a soul. The Polish mythology of the steed revealed a specific type of historical memory supporting the feeling of national identity, of great significance for generations living during the partition era. Artists resorted to traditional images of past centuries, created heroic narrations about the deeds of famous men and celebrated battles and knightly duties; here, horse and man are heroes enjoying equal rights.
3
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Hodowla i handel końmi w Polsce XVI w.

100%
Bołdyrew A.
Roczniki Dziejów Społecznych i Gospodarczych
|
2009
|
vol. 69
31-90
EN
Horses and their breeding were part of the Polish gentry tradition. In time, they became included into national customs, hence the term eques Polonus. In sixteenth-century Poland use was made of many types of horses of assorted provenance, mainly in transport and wartime. Due to its distinctly cavalry nature the Polish army relied on a great number of horses. Renaissance-era transformations in the Polish economy of the early modern era inclined the gentry towards increased interest not only in the horse trade but also in breeding. Textbooks translated from foreign languages came to the aid of the Polish noblemen; several works were also written at home. The rulers always enjoyed the greatest possibilities, and thus achievements, in horse breeding. The largest stud farms were situated along the eastern borders of the Polish state, where breeding was facilitated by geographical conditions. Furthermore, the most important routes along which horses were driven for the purposes of trade ran across Ruthenia and Little Poland. The significance of this branch of the economy was testified by the fact that sometimes the ruler forbade horse trade with a neighbouring state, which resulted in the closure of the frontiers. Horses used in the army were subjected to a careful selection followed by appropriate training. Local literature could boast certain achievements in the field of specialist textbooks, to mention the works of K. Dorohostajski or K. Pieniążek, who concentrated mainly on descriptions of the stables, breeding and training. The prices of horses in sixteenth-century Poland oscillated from 10–40 florins, although in certain cases a single horse was considered worth more than a thousand florins.
4

BEZ KONĚ NEBUDE SLUNCE. ROLE KONĚ V TRANSFORMAČNÍCH PROCESECH DOBY BRONZOVÉ

75%
Klontza-Jaklová V.
Slovenská archeológia (Slovak Archaeology)
|
2020
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vol. 68
|
issue suppl 1
327 – 336
EN
Horses played a vital role in human history. They were introduced rather late to central Europe and were absorbed into the existing ‘power package’. They were one of the transmitters of technologies, ideas, goods, and people. As soon as they appeared, they became part of the economy, a power and prestige symbol, an essential element of mythology. They can be traced in osteological material, iconography and riding equipment (bits, cheek pieces etc.). This paper aims to explain the role of the horsemanship in the rise of Bronze Age civilizations, in the formation of new economic, social and power structures across almost the entire continent (although in different intensity). Why did the horse breeders, riders, charioteers, and warriors become members of new elites so rapidly? I argue that the role of horses is still underestimated in the traditional model of the Bronze Age societies.
5

THROUGH STEPPE TO KARAKORUM. TRAVELLING IN THE MONGOL EMPIRE

75%
Holeščák M.
Slovenská archeológia (Slovak Archaeology)
|
2023
|
vol. 71
|
issue suppl. 3
279 – 286
EN
Mongol Empire and its warriors swept through the Eurasian steppe belt from the east to the west, establishing a vast empire stretching through the big part of Eurasian continent. This vast distance was traversed by many individuals, from soldiers, messengers and merchants to foreign ambassadors, trying to contact the most powerful political player in the region. From the written sources of these foreign visitors and the local sources and chronicles, we get the image of how the everyday travel was organized, consisting of the line of stations that served to exchange horses and provide food and accommodation, established in a firm way by the Great Khan Ögedei. From the western sources, mainly the two travellers, John of Plano Carpini and William of Rubruck, who left their narrative notes on their travel in written form, it is possible to see the development and evolution of this system. Both travellers got to Karakorum, passing nearly the whole Eurasian Steppe belt, stretching from the Lower Danube to the Mongolian plane and gave the description of an everyday life on the road, the specific ways of transportation but also characteristics of the horse, their look and behaviour, as well as riding equipment used by the Mongols, that can be traced in the archaeological sources from this region.
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