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1

CZECH HOUSING DEVELOPMENT FROM 1945 TO 1964

100%
Pychova E.
Umění (Art)
|
2006
|
vol. 54
|
issue 5
420-432
EN
The article treats the subject of Czech housing development after the Second World War. The topic of residential architecture after the war is connected with the industrialisation of the building industry and the construction of housing estates. Scientific functionalism and rationalism in the interwar period were preoccupied with the ideal of industrialised, mass housing, liberated from artistic ambitions and intended for the broad masses. This was the main theme of post-war Czech and European housing development. The Czech architects Karel Janu, Jiri Vozenilek, Karel Storch and others were involved in the post-war organisation of construction. They subsequently adapted the theory of scientific functionalism to the concept of socialist architecture. The construction of small housing estates in the two-year period 1946-1947 was strongly influenced by the tradition of functionalism. After 1948, it was succeeded by the first uniform construction of type dwellings. Although the first type T designs of brick residential houses were of excellent quality, the buildings themselves were not well received. The adoption of the style of socialist realism soon had an impact on the initial transition to industrialised building. This politically motivated turn in the development of architecture was followed by a short period oriented towards the development of new socialist cities based on historical models. At that time, the principles of interwar architecture were revised and the rationalist approach was identified with the ideals of socialist humanism. Nonetheless, in the early 1950s, the drive to industrialise the building industry remained a priority. Thus, at the same time as the socialist-realist housing estates were going up, there were isolated experiments with new building structures and materials using reinforced concrete. These structures achieved recognition in the late 1950s, when socialist realism was rejected in the Soviet Union as a style that hindered economical and technologically advanced industrialised development. Thus, in the late 1950s, the first prefabricated houses were built. Of the first experiments, the type G fully assembled prefabricated houses, developed by the architect Bohumil Kula in Zlin, were constructed on a large scale. The G57 residential building was the first type intended for mass housing to be built across the country. It was used in the first large housing estates in Prague-Petriny, Zahradní Mesto and Malesice. The first prefabricated houses, however, were not well received on account of the inferior architectural standard and the limited layouts and town-planning possibilities of the first types. The Czechoslovak pavilion at the 1958 Expo in Brussels introduced new technological and architectural approaches. It soon also became a model for housing development. The search for new approaches to housing development was given a boost by the introduction of 'experiments'. Experimental development employed new, progressive technologies and building materials; it was based on information that had been gathered from the first state-wide debate on accommodation. There were experiments in Prague, Brno and Plzen; they were the work of the younger post-war generation - Frantisek Zounek, Viktor Rudis and Josef Polák. The new opportunities and approaches, the intellectual openness generated by the political thaw of the 1960s yielded the first quality results in housing development. In the 1960s, designers of residential buildings and housing estates reacted to contemporary architectural trends, as well as to the rise in living standard and the growing demand for housing and residential environments that were functional and aesthetically pleasing. Their efforts were interrupted, however, by the development of political events after 1968 and the period of Normalisation, which are not treated in this article.
2

COMMUNICATION AND SPACE (ON THE EXAMPLE OF THE HOUSING ESTATE) (Komunikacia a priestor (Na priklade mestskeho sidliska))

100%
Janto J.
Slovenský národopis (Slovak Ethnology)
|
2008
|
vol. 56
|
issue 3
277-285
EN
The main task of the paper is the relationship between the space in urban- architecture meaning and the social communication, social processes. This problem is resolved at a housing estate, which is specific urban place with mostly residential function, absent of typical street, a lot of dwelling-houses etc. The author chose for his ethnological research a smaller part in neighbourhood of Petrzalka. The residents of this part are visibly more active in citizen life than those who live in other part of housing estate. The first author premise was due to its specific urbanism (a lot of green places, majority of low-storied dwellings), but research exposed that the main factor is age of this part.
3

MESTSKÉ SÍDLISKO - MENIACI SA PRIESTOR (NA PRÍKLADE PETRŽALKY)

100%
Janto J.
Etnologické rozpravy (Ethnological Disputes)
|
2007
|
vol. 14
|
issue 1
108-116
EN
The paper focuses on the new urban spaces - housing estates, which are at the moment accommodating approximately one third of all inhabitants of Slovakia. The author examines the changes ongoing during the last 15 years in the largest Slovak housing estate of Petrzalka. He emphasises the improvement of the living environment, in particular the development of infrastructure, possibilities for free time activities, numerous green places etc. These factors the author identified as causes of the satisfaction, the author's informants expressed when talking about the estate. He pays attention to the developing activities of non-profit organizations as they are among the factors improving and enriching the inhabitants as necessary for achieving a satisfactory quality of the living environment. In the conclusion the author expresses his fears that further development of the estate could be limited to the technocratic solutions giving a way to a force of the developers without participation and on the expense of its inhabitants.
4

KOMUNITNÝ ROZVOJ NA SÍDLISKÁCH

75%
Janto J.
Etnologické rozpravy (Ethnological Disputes)
|
2016
|
vol. 23
|
issue 1
7 – 22
EN
The study deals with community development as one of the possible approaches to the application of anthropological knowledge in practice. In the introduction, the author characterizes the development and its connection with the quality of life, which is part of the broader cultural and social context. For the theoretical understanding of this fact the concept of social (and cultural) capital of locality, based on the quality of human relationship as the premise for the regeneration and development of towns or villages is helpful. Practical application then offers the model of community development, based on the most important resource – residents themselves. This approach can be implemented in a variety of environments; one of them is a housing estate as the specific urban area. The author reflects his several years of experience in the NGO Centre for community organizing (development) in a position of community worker on the largest Slovak housing estate - Petržalka. The NGO was trying to build active citizen groups by community organizing in the first. This model is based on the strengthening of the residents, on pressure and conflict between stakeholders. After review of this approach (divided) NGO has passed to the cooperation model based primarily on collaboration and building partnerships – community development. The author offers a few examples of both approaches, and highlights the dilemmas which he met in the work. He concludes with potential contribution of graduates of Ethnology to this area.
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