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EN
The study deals with the specific common iconography of the Four Great Western Church Fathers in the Czech Middle Ages in the wider ecclesiastical historical context. Development of the cult of the Four Great Western Church Fathers, St. Ambrose, St. Augustine of Hippo, St. Jerome and St. Gregory the Great, arrived after the year 1295, when Pope Boniface VIII. proclaimed them to the Doctors of the Church. The visual depictions of the Church Fathers on art monuments became a visible expression of this artificially created cult. Between medieval Bohemian Art monuments survived to nowadays 14 common depictions of the Church Fathers from the middle of the 14th century to the beginning of the 16th century. The images of the Four Great Western Church Fathers were the personification of the Holy Church, therefore they were portrayed as high Church dignitaries. Saint Ambrose usually as a bishop with the mitre, St. Augustine as a bishop with the mitre, St. Jerome as a cardinal with the cardinal’s hat and St. Gregory the Great as a pope with the tiara.
Vox Patrum
|
2017
|
vol. 67
101-114
EN
The narrative of the sojourn of St. Hilarion in Dalmatia within the Vita writ­ten by St. Jerome seems to encompass and synthetize all the principal elements of the biography of this Palestinian hermit. The search for solitude and anonymity amidst the populations of far distant lands, the impossibility of hiding – for the sake of charity – God’s operating power in miracles, the very presence of the Lord in the faithful monk living a life of prayer and penance, humbleness and love for God, the capability of showing the Lord’s presence in deeds, and the autobio­graphical references of the author of the Vita, St. Jerome, to himself through the life of Hilarion are all elements – though present in the brief section concerning the events occurred in Dalmatia – which profile the author. It is of significance his resorting to Biblical references, especially to the Gospel, highlighting the relevance of faith. St. Hilarion carries out the work of Christ and presents himself as “alter Christus”. The victory over the sea monster is the vic­tory over evil-the devil and over death. The dominion over nature’s power, namely over the power of the waters of the seismic wave, endangering the earth and its inhabitants. It is – through Christ, with Christ and in Christ, Word of the Living God – the victory of life over the primordial chaos, as well as the new creation over the wound of the original sin. St. Hilarion proposes himself as a “living gospel”, proclaiming and revealing the mystery of the Kingdom amidst humankind. For this reason his lamp, namely he himself as the shining glory of the light of Christ, can­not remain under the bowl, although he would have liked so but, on the contrary, it is God’s will that the lamp be put on its stands, so that everyone may see it, be enlightened by the truth and glorify the Heavenly Father (Mt 5:14-16). Finally, the passages selected and analyzed – though brief in content – witness of the wide classical knowledge of the Dalmatian, who does quote Latin works and authors containing references to events and people of the past. Especially in those pages whom St. Jerome devotes to “his land”, Dalmatia, he seems to grant the highest homage to his Christian hero.
IT
Opis pobytu mnicha Hilariona w Dalmacji, przekazany przez św. Hieronima w Vita S. Hilarionis, zdaje się zawierać i streszczać wszystkie główne przesła­nia i treści, które znajdują się w tej biografii świętego mnicha palestyńskiego: poszukiwanie samotności i bycia nieznanym pośród ludów w dalekich stronach, niemożność ukrycia się w imię miłości, Boża moc działająca poprzez wielkie cuda, która świadczy o tym, że w wiernym i rozmodlonym, pokutującym mnichu, pełnym pokory względem Boga i bliźniego jest obecny Pan, objawiający swoją chwałę za jego pośrednictwem. Nie bez znaczenia jest fakt, iż Hieronim nawiązuje tu wyraźnie do znanych fragmentów Ewangelii, które podkreślają znaczenie wiary mnicha. Święty konty­nuuje dzieło Chrystusa na ziemi i jawi się jako “alter Christus”. Zwycięstwo od­niesione nad morskim potworem jest zwycięstwem nad złem, diabłem i śmiercią. Panowanie nad siłami natury, w naszym przypadku: nad żywiołem rozhuczanego morza, które grozi zniszczeniem ziemi i ludzi, staje się przez Chrystusa, z Chry­stusem i w Chrystusie zwycięstwem życia nad pierwotnym chaosem i grzechem pierworodnym. Hilarion jawi się więc jako żyjąca „Ewangelia”, która głosi i jed­nocześnie objawia tajemnicę Królestwa istniejącego już wśród ludzi. W tych krótkich fragmentach ujawnia się także wielka erudycja Hieronima oparta na znajomości kultury klasycznej. Wydaje się, że właśnie na tych stro­nicach poświęconych ojczyźnie – Dalmacji – Hieronim złożył największy hołd temu palestyńskiemu mnichowi.
EN
The study deals with the Medieval cult of the Bishop of Poitiers and the Doctor of the Church of St. Hilary of Poitiers in the region of Bohemia and Moravia. Although this important theologian and Western Church Father achieved a significant position in the world church environment, he does not play an important role in the Bohemian lands, including the current Roman Catholic Church, which is reflected in the quite small number of scholarly works devoted to his personality. The study is therefore aimed at emphasizing the antiquity of the cult of St. Hilary in the Bohemian and Moravian environment and with the help of detailed analyses provides the first interpretation of the development and position of reverence for St. Hilary of Poitiers in Bohemian Medieval society. The study primarily answers the basic questions of when and how the cult of St. Hilary of Poitiers developed, where and why it spread or what its overall significance was. The study is based on a broadly conceived dissertation research of the historical sources, which in the case of the cult of St. Hilary include primarily the Medieval calendars, homilies, legends and artistic monuments.
EN
This study is concerned with the political influence on late Merovingian episcopal hagiographic production and with the changes in the episcopal ideal. It focuses on how key elements such as the origins of the bishop, the manner of his induction into the episcopal office and the relationship between the bishop and the monarch, respectively the relationship between the performance of episcopal duties, political involvement and service at the court, are portrayed in hagiographic production. A method of comparative analysis of late Merovingian hagiographic production associated with Saint Arnulf of Metz, Audoin of Rouen, Eligius of Noyon, Aunemund of Lyon, Leudegar of Autun, and Praejectus of Clermont was applied.
EN
This article concerns the representation of two women: St. Dorothy, a martyr of Caeserea Mazaca, and Dorota Kątska, abbess of the Norbertines Order in the Zwierzyniec near Kraków, based on the sermon of the Bernadine Franciszek Sitański (ca. 1590–1643), entitled „The Bee in Amber” („Pszczółka w bursztynie”, Kraków 1627). The author shall prove that in the sermon given on the nameday of the Norbetine abbess, the preacher largely focused on St. Dorothy. The portraits of the „Christian women” present the virtues of the heroines to commemorate their deeds, as well as encourage the sermon’s recipients to follow the example of these virtues.
EN
The aim of the article is to present widowhood as a way to attaining Christian perfection in Piotr Skarga’s Lives of the Saints. The work, addressed to all the representatives of the spheres of life in the 16th and 17th century Poland, includes selected role models of widows, e.g. St. Elizabeth of Hungary or St. Bridget of Sweden. The main components of the model under discussion are: intensive spiritual life, detachment from the world and its pleasures, avoiding further marriages, poverty and deeds of charity. In the construction of the perfect widow, Skarga follows the writings of St. Paul and the lives of the religious.
EN
The purpose of the article is to reconstruct the image of Muslims and Islam in the Ethiopic hagiographical texts written in the Ethiopic (Gə‘əz) language. On the basis of ca. 20 texts (both edited and remaining in anuscripts) the author surveys how various themes related to Muslims and Islam are present in this genre of Ethiopic literature and what literary purpose they serve. These themes include: economic activities of Muslims, comparing them to Biblical figures, their conversion to Christianity or associating them with the satanic forces. Additionally, the article offers a comprehensive overview of the Ge’ez terms which are used in reference to the adherents of the Muslim faith.
PL
W artykule zaprezentowane zostały dawne teksty, z których wyłania się literacki obraz św. Stanisława Kostki. Obok częściej przywoływanych utworów na temat świętego jezuity, takich jak Żywot św. Stanisława Kostki Piotra Skargi czy wiersza o inc. W komnacie, gdzie Stanisław święty zasnął w Bogu Cypriana Norwida, poddane zostały interpretacji mniej znane, napisane po łacinie utwory: Życie świętego Stanisława Kostki Grzegorza z Sambora oraz epigramat Rzymski wizerunek błogosławionego Stanisława Kostki Macieja Kazimierza Sarbiewskiego. W studium zwrócono uwagę na estetyczne walory wierszy, środki obrazowania, źródła inwencyjne oraz konteksty biograficzne i kulturowe.
EN
In the article old works are presented, the literary image of saint Stanisław Kostka appears from. Some of them such as Żywot św. Stanisława Kostki by Piotr Skarga or poem about saint by Cyprian Norwid W komnacie, gdzie Stanisław święty zasnął w Bogu are good known. Others such as written in Życie świętego Stanisława Kostki by Grzegorz z Sambora and Epigram by Maciej Kazimierz Sarbiewski entitled Rzymski wizerunek błogosławionego Stanisława Kostki are rarely mentioned . All these works are in this paper analysed. In interpretation literary values are shown and biographic and culture contexts are taken into account as well.
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