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PL
Postępujący problem otyłości społeczeństwa oraz konieczność poszukiwania nowych źródeł finansowania opieki zdrowotnej skłania coraz więcej państw do dyskusji lub wprowadzania specjalnych podatków obciążających niezdrową żywność. Celem artykułu jest analiza możliwych rozwiązań podatkowych w zakresie ochrony zdrowia, jak również konsekwencji stosowania tego typu podatków.
EN
The obesity problem and need for new source of health care financing cause that more and more countries have introduced special taxes on unhealthy foods. The aim of the article is to analyse the possible type of unhealthy food taxation, as well as the positive and negative consequences of such taxes.
XX
Zdaniem autorek analiza podstawowych tablic wynikowych rachunków zdrowia i wskaźników ustalonych na ich podstawie upoważnia do stwierdzenia, że udział wydatków na ochronŠ zdrowia w Polsce (6,45 procent w 2003 r., 6,56 procent w 2002 r.) jest wyższy niż powszechnie się twierdzi. W Polsce bardzo szybko wzrasta udział wydatków prywatnych w wydatkach na ochronę zdrowia, który obecnie wynosi co najmniej 30 procent i jest wyższy niż w Republice Czeskiej (9,9 procent czy na Słowacji (11,7 procent, ale też wyższy niż w wielu krajach UE. Szczegółowych analiz wymagają wydatki gospodarstw domowych na osobę według grup kwintylowych dochodów. Obserwowany w ostatnich latach spadek wydatków na ochronę zdrowia w dwóch najniższych grupach dochodowych może oznaczać osiągnięcie pułapu możliwości finansowych gospodarstw w odniesieniu do tychże wydatków.
XX
W artykule przedstawiono poziom wydatków publicznych i prywatnych na ochronę zdrowia. Podstawowym źródłem informacji o wydatkach prywatnych były badania budżetów gospodarstw domowych sześciu grup społecznych, prowadzone metodą reprezentacyjną.
EN
In the Polish health care system, the basic principle conditioning the access to public services financed from the public founds is the possession of proper entitlements. The study presents and systematizes the mechanisms related to ways of verification of patients entitlements to benefits financed from public funds in accordance with applicable laws. It describes the duties and powers of a service provider, beneficiary, and the process of information exchange with the principles of validation and verification of reporting data prepared by the National Health Fund.
EN
One of the responsibilities of the health care sector regulator is to decide which health technologies (drugs, procedures, diagnostic tests, etc.) should be financed using public resources. That requires taking into account multiple criteria, of which two important ones are: cost and effectiveness of a technology (others being, e.g., prevalence, safety, ethical and social implications). Hence, health and wealth need to be traded off against each other, and hence the willingness-to-pay (WTP) has to be determined. Various approaches to setting WTP have been taken, yet the results differ substantially. In the present paper I claim that the proper approach is to treat WTP as a fuzzy concept (the decision maker may not be able to decidedly state that a given health-wealth trade-off coefficient is acceptable/unacceptable - an idea backed up by the survey presented in the paper). Previous research shows how this fuzzy approach can be embedded in defining the preference relation and pairwise comparisons. In the present paper I account for the fact that there are often more than two alternatives available. To avoid difficulties that might arise (e.g., incompleteness or intransitivity of preferences) I show how the fuzzy approach can be used to define a fuzzy choice function based on the axiomatic approach. Some properties are discussed (e.g., how the approach handles the dominance and extended dominance), and the directions of further research are hinted at.
EN
The article presents the evolution of cost accounting in the Polish health care system. There are presented the causal factors of poor quality cost information, and the characteristics of currently operating solutions is given. In the focus of considerations are: the nature and elements of the newly designed account system, based on the resources approach in which one of the main cost objects are DRG groups which, in turn, determines the considerable practicality of this system for the current medical entities management. The usefulness of cost accounting solutions in European countries, in the context of significant growth in the DRG funding, is also discussed.
EN
In view of increasing health care costs, which is a result of the growing demands of the public to have access to the latest medical technologies, which are very expensive, and by the systematic aging of the population, it is necessary to initiate health care reforms in terms of its financing. One of the proposed methods of reforms is public - private partnership or partial transfer of responsibility for the health from the public institutions to the private ones while maintaining adequate control of the state. Public-private partnership is a partnership between the public sector and the private sector consisting of tasks that have been traditionally delivered by the public sector. This cooperation increases the efficiency of public services through the use of private sector experience and builds up savings when compared to the performance of the same tasks only by a public body.
EN
As defined by the World Health Organization a health system (health care system) is the sum total of all the organizations, institutions and resources whose primary purpose is to improve health. The system provides services, acquires resources through investment and provides funding and proper management. Insurance is a feature of many areas of the health care system in Poland. This article describes the areas of the health care system in which insurance is present and the role it plays in them.
EN
The new computerized information system in polish public health care system (eWUŚ) is assigned for subjected works on base of agreement with National Health Fund. It is a useful instrument of public management and health management. The main goal of the study is presentation system of electronic verification of patient entitlement for medical services sponsored by Public Payer as a part of informatization process of public health care system.
EN
The aim of the paper is to investigate the structure of health care financing systems in OECD countries. In the theoretical part the following areas of health care financing are discussed: fund collection, fund pooling and provider reimbursement. The empirical part analyses trends in health care expenditures and institutional arrangements in health care financing in OECD countries. Health care financing systems in these countries vary in terms of financing sources, fund and risk pooling mechanisms as well as reimbursement systems. Though, reforming processes in the last decades leads to convergence of health care financing arrangements.
RU
Вызванные мировым финансовым кризисом от 2008—2010 гг падение дохода, высокий дефицит и задолженность привели к тому, что во многих государствах были предприняты действия для поиска экономии и изме-нений социально-экономической структуры. В статье были представлены последствия деконъюнктуры для сектора здравоохранения. Целью статьи является получение ответа на вопрос касающийся приспособления рас-ходов на здравоохранение, а в частности масштаба и темпов возможного их понижения в ситуации оказывания высокого давления государствен-ными финансами. В статье было представлено формирование основных экономических параметров, а затем размеры и тенденции в различных категориях рас-ходов на здравоохранение. Были охарактеризованы также условия для спасательных программ в международном масштабе.
PL
Wywołane światowym kryzysem finansowym z lat 2008—2010 spadki dochodu, wysokie deficyty oraz zadłużenie wymusiły w wielu państwach podejmowanie działań na rzecz poszukiwania oszczędności i zmiany struktury społeczno-gospodarczej. W opracowaniu pokazano konsekwencje dekoniunktury dla sektora opieki zdrowotnej. Artykuł ma na celu uzyskanie odpowiedzi na pytania dotyczące dostosowania wydatków zdrowotnych, a w szczególności skali i tempa możliwych ich redukcji w sytuacjach wysokiej presji ze strony finansów publicznych. Opisano kształtowanie się podstawowych parametrów ekonomicznych, a następnie wielkości i tendencje w różnych kategoriach wydatków zdrowotnych. Przedstawiono też uwarunkowania programów ratunkowych w skali międzynarodowej.
EN
Declines in income, high deficits and debt (caused by the global financial crisis of 2008-2010) forced many countries to take action to contribute to saving and changing socio-economic structure. The study shows the consequences of the downturn for the healthcare sector. The article aims to provide answers to questions concerning the adjustment of health expenditure, in particular the scale and pace of their possible reduction in high-pressure situations on the part of public finances. The article describes evolution of basic economic parameters, then the figures and trends in the different categories of health spending. Also conditions for rescue programs on an international scale are presented.
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