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Pamiętnik Literacki
|
2019
|
vol. 110
|
issue 3
161-182
PL
Artykuł traktuje o Hermannie Brochu (1886–1951) i Józefie Wittlinie (1896–1976), pisarzach, których połączyło pokoleniowe doświadczenie pierwszej wojny światowej. Obaj zmagali się z problemem jej reprezentacji w swoich czołowych utworach: „Die Schlafwandler” („Lunatycy”) i „Sól ziemi”. Podobieństwo między ich bohaterami jest punktem wyjścia do próby porównania biografii i twórczości obu autorów. Szkic powstał w oparciu o kwerendę materiałów źródłowych – niepublikowanej do tej pory korespondencji Brocha i Wittlina prowadzonej w latach 1945–1951 w języku niemieckim. Jest ona przechowywana w dwóch archiwach literatury: Beinecke Rare Book & Manuscript Library (Yale, New Haven) oraz Houghton Library (Harvard, Cambridge).
EN
The article treats of two writers, Hermann Broch (1886–1951) and Józef Wittlin (1896–1976), who are linked by the generational experience of the World War I. Both of them struggled with the problem of representation of the war in their seminal works “Die Schlafwandler” (“Sleepwalkers”) and “Sól ziemi” (“Salt of the Earth”). The similarities between the novels’ protagonists form the starting point to an attempt at comparing the authors’ biographies and their literary outputs. The sketch was produced as based on source text search query of so far unpublished German correspondence between Broch and Wittlin kept up between 1945–1951. The letters are preserved in two literary archives Beinecke Rare Book & Manuscript Library (Yale, New Haven) and Houghton Library (Harvard, Cambridge).
PL
Inicjatywa The City of Man, mimo świadomego odniesienia do dzieła Świętego Augustyn De civitate Dei, pragnęła, aby po wojnie zbudować system, który zapewniłby wolny i nieskrępowany rozwój ludzkości. Inicjatywę tę podjęli emigranci z Europy i wybitni amerykańscy intelektualiści: wszyscy mieli nadzieję, że urzeczywistniona demokracja w klasycznym greckim znaczeniu tego słowa nie tylko da nam pokój, ale otworzy także perspektywę, która, między innymi, zlikwiduje socjalizm w wersjach faszystowskich i bolszewickich. Dlaczego jednak artykuł poświęcony tej, dzisiaj nieco zapomnianej inicjatywie, otwieram uwagami na temat Hermanna Brocha, który choć odegrał ważną rolę w pracy tej grupy, był po prostu „jednym z wielu” ( dokładnie jeden z siedemnastu członków grupy)? Wynika to z faktu, że jego głos był ważki. Podążam także za sugestiami Paula Michaela Lützelera; trzeba pamiętać, że kwestie poruszone w manifeście wspomnianej grupy, zostały podjęte przez pisarza i filozofa, od początku jego działalności, czyli od debiutu w 1931 roku. Warto przyjrzeć się, jak artysta rozwiązał te same problemy, które następnie „próbował” opisać i zanalizować jako filozof i teoretyk ekonomii.
EN
The City of Man initiative, with a conscious reference to Saint Augustine’s De civitate Dei, wanted to build a system after the First World War that would ensure free and unfettered human development. This initiative was undertaken by emigrants from Europe and eminent American intellectuals: they all hoped that a realized democracy in the classical Greek sense of the word would not only give us peace, but also open a perspective that, among other things, would eliminate socialism in its fascist and Bolshevik variants. Why do I open, however, an article devoted to this somewhat forgotten initiative with remarks on the subject of Hermann Broch, who, though he played an important role in the work of this group, was simply “one of many” (exactly one of the seventeen members of the group)? This is due to the fact that his voice was weighty. I also follow Paul Michael Lützeler’s suggestions; it must be remembered that the issues raised in the manifesto of the aforementioned group were taken up by the writer and philosopher, from the beginning of his activity, i.e. from his debut in 1931. It is worth looking at how the artist solved the same problems, which he then “tried” to describe and analyze as a philosopher and theoretician of economics.
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Hermanna Brocha analiza faszyzmu

88%
EN
Like many other German-speaking writers, Hermann Broch was forced to emigrate from Nazi Germany at the end of the 1930s. It was partly due to the criticism of the fascist movement that he had presented in the then-titled Bergroman [Mountain Novel], which took its final shape as Der Versucher [The Seducer] and was published posthumously under the title The Spell [Die Verzauberung]. Another novel depicting the development of fascism is Broch’s Die Schuldlosen: Ein Roman in elf Erzählungen [The Guiltless Ones. A Novel in Eleven Stories]. Broch also wrote Adolf Hitler’s Farewell Address, an essay that can be read as a sort of completion to the abovementioned books since it providesan even more directinsight into the Nazi mind, portraying it from within. In his works, Hermann Broch describes spiritual as well as specifically social roots of fascism: any autocratic movement characterized by the rejection of Platonic idealism and thus, inevitably, of the Christian tradition itself.
EN
This article deals with Hermann Broch (1886–1951) and Józef Wittlin (1896–1976), two writers born in the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy who were formed or even stigmatized by the generational experience of World War I. They both struggled with the problem of the representation of the war in their main novels: Die Schlafwandler (Sleepwalker, 1930–32) and Sól ziemi (Salt of the Earth, 1935). The similarity between their protagonists is the starting point for an attempt to compare the biographies and literary works of the authors. The article is based on the source materials – the unpublished letters in German, exchanged between Broch and Wittlin during the years from 1945 to 1951. Their correspondence is stored in two literary archives: Beinecke Rare Book & Manuscript Library (Yale, New Haven) and Houghton Library (Harvard, Cambridge).
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Ideologie z perspektivy první osoby

51%
EN
The article presents, in an integrated form, the main lines of Hejdánek’s thinking regarding ideology. It is based on published and unpublished texts and on sound recordings from his “apartment” seminars. Hejdánek does not approach ideology as being a fixed, ready-made system of tenets or dogmas, instead seeking a deeper understanding of the ideological mode of thought. The rise of ideologies is, according to him, a modern phenomenon, and Hejdánek considers it to be a kind of reprise of the myth in the modern age. He shows what is the precondition for the possibility of ideology, how ideology conditions human consciousness and how we can free ourselves from its power. According to Hejdánek, the starting point for this does not lie in a struggle with ideology on its own turf. Ideology can be overcome only by something that stands in radical opposition against it – that is, by the development of people into spiritual beings by way of truth, conscience and faith.
CS
Článek v ucelené podobě představuje hlavní myšlenkové linie Hejdánkova uvažování o ideologii. Opírá se o vydané i nevydané texty a o zvukové záznamy bytových seminářů. Hejdánek nezkoumá ideologii jako určitý hotový systém pouček či dogmat, ale sestupuje k hlubším předpokladům ideologického způsobu myšlení. Vzestup ideologií je podle něj teprve novověký fenomén a Hejdánek jej pokládá za jakousi novodobou reprízu mýtu. Odhaluje, co je podmínkou možnosti ideologie, čím si ideologie podmaňuje lidské vědomí a jak se můžeme vysvobozovat z její moci. Východisko podle Hejdánka nespočívá v souboji s ideologií jejími vlastními prostředky. Ideologie může být překonána jedině něčím, co se postaví do radikálního protikladu proti jakékoli ideologičnosti – tedy rozvojem člověka jako duchovní bytosti skrze pravdu, svědomí a víru.
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