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EN
In the fourth century A.D., crowds of Christian pilgrims began to stream into Palestine in order to visit the sites where biblical events had taken place. Among them was also a rich Roman widow, Paula, whose travels around the Holy Land are described in Jerome’s Letter 108, written after the death of this noblewoman in 404 A.D. The aim of this letter is primarily encomiastic and hagiographic, and the account of the pilgrimage to holy places incorporated in it aids to create a picture of Paula as a devout woman shrouded in an aura of sanctity. This article is focussed both on the concept of pilgrimage to the Holy Land and the meaning of this phenomenon in the life of a devout Christian woman, as expressed by Jerome in his letter. First of all, for Jerome, Palestine represents a textual land where the traces of the biblical past are still visible, and first-hand experience with it therefore enhances one’s understanding of the Scripture. At the same time, it is a region where biblical history unfolds before the eyes of the pilgrims, so long as they are gifted with the ability of oculi fidei. Thus, according to Jerome, journeying to the Holy Land has great importance for the Christian believer and benefits him extraordinarily both on the intellectual and the spiritual level. Peregrinatio ad loca sancta, for Jerome, is essential to those who consider themselves to be serious about their faith, especially in the case of women. In this light, Paula appears as an exemplary pilgrim illustrating Jerome’s concept, and demonstrating what it is like to experience the holy places first-hand. Jerome was the first Latin Christian thinker who presented the concept of the Holy Land as a spiritual centre of the Christian world and made an attempt to establish a new religious practice: pilgrimage to the Holy Land.
EN
The article discusses the symbolism of the rural and suburban landscape of the Holy Land in the New Testament. Based on the results of previous geographical and theological (exegetical) research of certain elements of the natural and cultural landscape, and studies of biblical texts and descriptions of landscape motifs in areas where Jesus Christ lived and worked, the article attempts to point out the symbolism that enriches mere facts about the geographical reality of the Holy Land. It has been determined that the most important natural-geographical forms and phenomena are clearly recognized in the rural and suburban landscape of the Holy Land, while the identity of the Jewish community formed by different human activities and ways of life is imprinted in the cultural landscape, which includes a related web of multiple dualities: the real and the imaginary, the natural and the supernatural, and the material and the spiritual.
EN
The subject of the research undertaken in the article is the picture of pilgrimages of Galicians and the inhabitants of other partition in the Galician press. Pilgrimages constituted an important aspect of religious life in Galicia and in the second half of the 19th century they started to become mass events. Galician pilgrims travelled not only to holy places located within the partition but also courageously went on pilgrimages to Rome and the Holy Land. The authors of articles pointed out not only the religious dimension of the described Polish pilgrimages but also showed them as the opportunity to cultivate unity and the national tradition and to become more familiar with the national history.
PL
Przedmiotem podjętych badań w niniejszym tekście jest obraz pielgrzymowania Galicjan i mieszkańców pozostałych zaborów przedstawiony w prasie galicyjskiej. Pielgrzymki stanowiły ważny aspekt życia religijnego Galicji, a w drugiej połowie XIX w. zaczęły nabierać charakteru masowego. Galicyjscy pielgrzymi podejmowali wyprawy pątnicze nie tylko do miejsc kultu w obrębie zaboru, ale także odważne wyprawy do Rzymu i Ziemi Świętej. Autorzy artykułów zwracali uwagę nie tylko na wymiar religijny opisywanych przez nich pielgrzymek Polaków do miejsc świętych, ale również ukazywali je jako możliwość kultywowania jedności i tradycji narodowej oraz bliższego poznania ojczystej historii.
EN
The article tries to describe the linguistic creation of a city in Polish 16th-century diaries from journeys to the Holy Land. During long trips, the authors visited many exotic, for the Polish traveller, cities and towns to whom they devoted a lot of space in their diaries. The analysis is based on findings of theory of linguistic image of a world and on the concept of linguistic creation and semiotic role. The author outlines the set of linguistic means used by the diarists to indicate various roles. He concludes that the image of a city presented in the analysed texts oscillates between traditional frame that has its source in the classical antiquity and modern perspective significant for the man of the Renaissance.
EN
What is referred to as the Fifth Gospel is the tangible and intangible memorabilia from the area of the present-day Holy Land. The buildings, landscape, nature, social atmosphere and customs cultivated till this very day allow to have a better understanding of the inspired biblical texts. The authors prove this thesis to be valid. They show that although it is mainly used in the pastoral care of pilgrims, it is not devoid of theological foundations. People experience faith also in a physical manner. Sensual experiences associated with the stay in the Holy Land make it easier to grasp spiritual matters and to reinforce faith. The article illustrates the issue in question with a few practical examples. The closing paragraphs formulate pastoral postulates. They show how the experience of visiting the land of biblical events can be used in the pastoral care of pilgrims more effectively.
EN
Perdicas of Ephesus lived probably in XIVth century in Constantinople. He was cleric and prothonotary of Ephesus. Perdicas visited Jerusalem, Bethany, Bethpage and Bethlehem. He as writer and pilgrim described in his poem, which consists of 259 verses, the miraculous events and places connected principally with Jesus’s and his mother’s history. A poem written by Perdicas indicates the great role of nature: sky, clouds, light, rocks, stones, water and plants, which glorify their Creator and serve Him in miraculous places of the Holy Land, occupied by Saracens.
LA
XIV saeculo Constantinopoli vitam agebat Perdicas Ephesius, qui clericus ac protonotarius Ephesi patriarchae erat. Ille peregrinator et scriptor Hierosolyma, Bethaniam, Bethphage and Bethlehem visitabat. Perdicas poema fecit, in quo loca sancta in ducentis quinquaginta novem versibus descripsit. Hic poeta etiam de natura pulchra Palaestinae narrat. Caelum, nebulae, lux, rupes, lapides, aqua plantaeque mire adorant Creatorem suum et serviunt Deo in locis Terrae Sanctae, quae a Saracenis occupata sunt.
EN
„Jesus Christ”, the two-volume, posthumous edition of Athanazy Fic’s work, was first published in 1951–1952. In his work not only did the Author focus on particular facts from Jesus’ life described in the Gospels, but also, at the same time, tried to introduce several articles concerning Christian faith. Although, it is uncompleted (due to Fic’s sudden death) and a little out-dated and due to this fact it reveals several weak points (eg. an old explanation of the synoptic problem), it has still remained significant, especially for its way of reading the biography of Jesus: the emphasis on the intentions of hagiographers, trust in the text; as well as the interest in the Holy Land, which is one of the most distinctive features in the quest for the historical Jesus at the moment. In addition, its theological attitude is in accordance with the instructions which we can find in newer Church documents.
PL
Jezus Chrystus, dwutomowe pośmiertne wydanie dzieła Atanazego Fica, zostało opublikowane po raz pierwszy w latach 1951–1952. W swojej pracy autor skoncentrował się nie tylko na poszczególnych faktach z życia Jezusa opisanych w Ewangeliach, lecz także równocześnie usiłował przybliżyć niektóre prawdy wiary chrześcijańskiej. Chociaż jest to dzieło nieukończone (z powodu nagłej śmierci Fica) i trochę przestarzałe, w związku z czym przejawia kilka słabych punktów (takich jak np. stare wyjaśnienie problemu synoptycznego), pozostaje nadal znaczące, zwłaszcza ze względu na sposób odczytania biografii Jezusa: podkreślenie intencji hagiografów, zaufanie do tekstu; i zainteresowanie Ziemią Świętą, co obecnie jest jedną z najbardziej charakterystycznych cech w poszukiwaniu historycznego Jezusa. Dodatkowo teologiczne ukierunkowanie tej pracy pozostaje w zgodzie ze wskazówkami, jakie możemy znaleźć w nowszych dokumentach Kościoła.
EN
Treatise on the Holy Land (Traktát o zemi svaté), printed by Mikuláš Bakalář of Pilsen in 1498, belongs to the oldest travelogues written in Czech. Up to now, the text has been considered by scholars as a shortened translation of Bernhard of Breydenbachís bestseller Peregrinatio ad Terram sanctam from 1486. Comparing the Czech text with another German travelogue Die Reise ins gelobte Land, written by the Nuremberg merchant Hans Tucher senior in 1482, the article demonstrates that the Czech incunable was directly translated from this source. Several aspects of this translation are analyzed, such as the process of shortening the original text, the omission of its autobiographical parts, translational strategies and mistakes. The edition of the Treatise on the Holy Land, preserved only in two copies, is presented as a supplement.
EN
What is referred to as the fifth Gospel is the tangible and intangible memorabilia from the area of the present-day Holy Land. The buildings, landscape, nature, social atmosphere and customs cultivated till this day allow a better understanding of the inspired biblical texts. Authors prove this term to be valid. They show that although it is mainly used in the pastoral care of pilgrims, it is not devoid of theological foundations. People experience faith also in a bodily manner. Sensual experiences associated with the stay in the Holy Land make it easier to reach out to spiritual matters and to reinforce faith. The article illustrates the issue in question with a few practical examples. The closing paragraphs formulate pastoral postulates. They show how the experience of visiting the country of biblical events can be used in the pastoral care of pilgrims effectively.
PL
„Piątą Ewangelią” nazywa się materialne i niematerialne pamiątki z terenu współczesnej Ziemi Świętej – budowle, krajobrazy, przyrodę, zwyczaje pielęgnowane do dziś, atmosferę społeczną – pozwalające lepiej zrozumieć natchnione teksty biblijne. Autorzy udowadniają słuszność terminu. Wykazują, że choć stosuje się go głównie w duszpasterstwie pielgrzymów, nie jest on pozbawiony teologicznych podstaw. Człowiek przeżywa swą wiarę także w sferze cielesnej. Zmysłowe doznania związane z pobytem w Ziemi Świętej pomagają mu w docieraniu do spraw duchowych i formują jego wiarę. Artykuł ilustruje poruszaną kwestię kilkoma praktycznymi przykładami. W ostatnich akapitach sformułowano postulaty pastoralne, pokazując, w jaki sposób można skutecznie wykorzystać w duszpasterstwie pielgrzymów przeżycie spotkania z krajem, w którym miały miejsce biblijne wydarzenia.
EN
The article discusses the motivation of Jan Goryński to go on pilgrimage to the Holy Land. A 16th century description (preserved until now in a 17th century manuscript) forms a memory of that journey). According to the researchers, in comparison to the other descriptions of that time (by Anzelm Polak, Jan Tarnowski and Mikołaj Krzysztof Radziwiłł “Sierotka” [“Orphan”]), it has an outstandingly memoirs-like nature, according to researchers. In the bibliography concerning the issue of Goryński, there are yet no explanations of the reasons for his decision to go on that journey which was so difficult at those times. Considering the reality of the period when the Pole went on pilgrimage, his motivation might have been: deep faith and will to follow Christ’s steps, intention of penance, thanksgiving or intercession, or increase in his social rank status by being granted the title of the Knight of the Holy Sepulchre. In the text of peregrination, the pilgrim did not directly indicate the reason why he had decided to travel. Until this day, no correspondence which could explain the reasons for realisation of his pilgrimage has been retained. The discourse first presents biographical facts concerning Goryński, his closest relatives and environment which shaped him. An analysis of this Polish pilgrim’s biography as well as the 16th century description of peregrination may assist in determination of reasons for which he went on this pilgrimage.
EN
The article presents the 15th and 16th century accounts on the journeys of Poles to the Holy Land, including Chorografia abo topografia, to jest osobliwe a okólne opisanie Ziemie Świętej by Anzelm Polak (15/16th century), Terminatio ex itinerario Magnifici Domini Ioannis Comitis in Tarnów… by Jan Tarnowski (1488–1566), Peregrynacja do Ziemi Świętej by Jan Gorynski (16th century) and Podróż do Ziemi Świętej, Syrii i Egiptu by Mikołaj Krzysztof Radziwiłł (“Sierotka”) (1549–1616). The article mentions as well a little known work Peregrinatio ad Terram Sanctam by Johannes Poloner (15th century). Till now, the articles have been discussed separately, in literary or religious contexts. However, due to an increasing interest in the geopoetics, it is beneficial to look at all accounts on journeys to the Holy Land collectively and through them get to know about the lands along the coast of the Mediterranean Sea, connecting Syria and Egypt. The aim of this article is to present the arguments confirming the legitimacy of the use of geopoetics in the analysis of old texts. Moreover, the article points out to the issues discussed further in the thesis, e.g. the development of “description” in Polish literary tradition being one of two basic narrative elements
Verbum Vitae
|
2018
|
vol. 34
495-497
EN
Review: Steven D. Anderson – A.D. Riddle – Todd Bolen, Photo Companion to the Bible. The Gospels. I. Matthew. II. Mark. III. Luke. IV. John (www.BiblePlaces.com 2017). DVD & download. 299 USD
PL
Recenzja: Steven D. Anderson – A.D. Riddle – Todd Bolen, Photo Companion to the Bible. The Gospels. I. Matthew. II. Mark. III. Luke. IV. John (www.BiblePlaces.com 2017). DVD & download. 299 USD
PL
Przedmiotem podjętych badań w niniejszym tekście jest obraz pielgrzymowania Galicjan i mieszkańców pozostałych zaborów przedstawiony w prasie galicyjskiej. Pielgrzymki stanowiły ważny aspekt życia religijnego Galicji, a w drugiej połowie XIX w. zaczęły nabierać charakteru masowego. Galicyjscy pielgrzymi podejmowali wyprawy pątnicze nie tylko do miejsc kultu w obrębie zaboru, ale także odważne wyprawy do Rzymu i Ziemi Świętej. Autorzy artykułów zwracali uwagę nie tylko na wymiar religijny opisywanych przez nich pielgrzymek Polaków do miejsc świętych, ale również ukazywali je jako możliwość kultywowania jedności i tradycji narodowej oraz bliższego poznania ojczystej historii.
EN
The subject of the research undertaken in the article is the picture of pilgrimages of Galicians and the inhabitants of other partition in the Galician press. Pilgrimages constituted an important aspect of religious life in Galicia and in the second half of the 19th century they started to become mass events. Galician pilgrims travelled not only to holy places located within the partition but also courageously went on pilgrimages to Rome and the Holy Land. The authors of articles pointed out not only the religious dimension of the described Polish pilgrimages but also showed them as the opportunity to cultivate unity and the national tradition and to become more familiar with the national history.
|
2022
|
issue 1(12)
213-225
EN
The PhD dissertation “Social and political roles of Women connected with power and authority in Crusader States and Byzantium from the first to the fourth Crusade” was written under the supervision of dr hab. Rafał Kosiński prof. UwB. The work concerns women’s participation in power and authority and their hidden influence in Crusader States and Byzantium in the twelfth century. Its purpose is to compare women’s roles in politics in Western Europe, Outremer and Byzantine Empire. Moreover this work is concentrated on establishing differences and similarities between overmentioned countries and it attempts to explain their causes. It uses mostly narrative sources in Latin and Greek. Sociological theory of social roles (created by Florian Znaniecki and Erving Goffman) was used as an analytical method. Thanks to it the work established nine basic tasks connected to the social role of queen, empress or generally female ruler. Based on that were created models of ideal female ruler in the West, Crusader states and Byzantium, which could be compared relatively easily.
PL
Rozprawa doktorska pod tytułem „Społeczna i polityczna rola kobiet z kręgów władzy w państwach krzyżowych i Bizancjum w okresie od pierwszej do czwartej krucjaty” została napisana pod kierunkiem dr. hab. Rafała Kosińskiego prof. UwB. Praca dotyczy udziału kobiet we władzy oraz ich zakulisowych wpływów w państwach krzyżowych i cesarstwie bizantyńskim w XII w. Jej celem jest porównanie znaczenia w polityce kobiet na Zachodzie Europy, w Outremer i Bizancjum, ustalenie różnic, a także próba wyjaśnienia ich przyczyn. Wykorzystano w niej przede wszystkim źródła narracyjne w językach łacińskim i greckim. Do analizy użyta została socjologiczna teoria ról społecznych w ujęciu Floriana Znanieckiego i Ervinga Goffmana. Dzięki temu udało się wyodrębnić dziewięć podstawowych zadań związanych z rolą społeczną władczyni. Na tej podstawie powstały modele idealnej władczyni obowiązujące w państwach Europy Zachodniej, w państwach krzyżowych i w Bizancjum, które można było porównywać między sobą.
EN
The article is an attempt to present the Order of the PoorKnights of Christ and the Temple of Solomon. The origins of their creation, activities in the Holy Land and the idea that guided Temple of Solomon. Moreover, article exhibits thestructure of functioning, the role the Order of Poor Knights of Christ played in Europe and Poland, to its solution – the so-called dissolution of the order. The aim of the publication is to present the history and activities of the Knights Templar due to the fact that their fate still enjoys great public interest. In the presented material, is drew attention to the year 1241, when the Mongols invaded Poland, as a result of which Silesia was plundered and the Templars suffered significant losses.
PL
Artykuł jest próbą przedstawienia Zakonu Ubogich Rycerzy Chrystusa i Świątyni Salomona, genezy jego powstania, działalności w Ziemi Świętej, idei, jaka mu przyświecała, struktury funkcjonowania, a także roli, jaką odegrał w Europie i w Polsce do jego rozwiązania, tj. kasaty zakonu. Celem publikacji jest przybliżenie historii i działalności templariuszy z uwagi na fakt, iż wciąż ich koleje losu cieszą się dużym zainteresowaniem. W przedstawionym materiale zwrócono uwagę na rok 1241, kiedy to Mongołowie najechali na Polskę, w wyniku czego złupiony został Śląsk, a templariusze ponieśli znaczne straty.
20
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KRÓLOWA MELISANDA I JEJ SIOSTRY

63%
PL
Artykuł dotyczy czterech córek króla Jerozolimy Baldwina II, stosunków między nimi oraz ich wpływu na wydarzenia w Ziemi Świętej w XII w. Spośród wszystkich czterech sióstr wpływy najstarszej z nich – Melisandy sięgały znacznie dalej niż pozostałych, zarówno w odniesieniu do polityki, jak i relacji rodzinnych. Dlatego w artykule skupiono się na niej. W pierwszej części przedstawiono tło historyczne, polityczne i rodzinne dla dziejów sióstr. W kolejnej scharakteryzowano wykorzystane źródła i ich autorów. Ostatnia dotyczy relacji Melisandy z siostrami, a także z mężem i synem. Niestety przekazy źródłowe nie pozwalają na analizę stosunków panujących bezpośrednio między jej młodszym rodzeństwem.
EN
This article concerns four daughters of Baldwin II, King of Jerusalem, their relations and their impact on the events in the Holy Land in XII c. Amidst all four sisters, the impact of the oldest sister Melisende, both in politics and in the family, was much greater then of others. For this reason, the article focuses on her. In the first part, it shows the historical, political and domestic background for the history of the four sisters. In the next part, there is a short description of the used sources. The last part concerns Melisende’s relations with her sisters, husband and son. Unfortunately, due to the lack of sources, a closer analysis of the relations between other sisters was not possible.
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