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EN
This text presents some of the results of an empirical research aimed at career aspirations of the vice–principals of Hong Kong’s schools, considering their work duties and professional satisfaction. One of the objectives was to explore the manner in which the disparity between realistic work duties and the thoughts about ideal work contents can affect career aspirations. The reasearch was conceived as a questionnaire survey of a representative sample of secondary school vice-principals. The analysis of the obtained data shows large differences between real and ideal work involvement. Such differences are explained in detail and discussed in relation with other factors.
EN
This paper explores various abuses Foreign Domestic Helpers (FDHs) or migrant domestic workers (MDW) in Hong Kong suffer and the strategies they take up to cope with this abuse. Data were collected from 215 domestic helpers (135 from the Philippines, 30 from Thailand, 41 from Indonesia, and 9 from Sri Lanka) all of whom had been in residence for at least six months. Selected by snow-balling technique, respondents were interviewed with structured and non-structured questionnaires. Research shows that sexual abuse is the most common form of abuse against MDWs followed by psychological and physical abuses. Female employers are the main perpetuators of psychological abuse while the male employers are culpable for sexual abuses. Coping strategies varied widely among the MDWs. Many of them endure the violence to keep the job; some quit the job and others struggle with the decision to stay or quit.
EN
July 1st, 2007 marks the tenth anniversary of the transfer of power in Hong Kong - British colony was replaced by the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (HKSAR), autonomous part of the People's Republic of China. According to the Sino-British Joint Declaration from 1984, based upon the „One country - two systems" rule, the residents of HKSAR were to enjoy all their previous freedoms and rights for at least 50 years after the transfer. This article examines the constitutional system of HKSAR as well as its political and social reality of the last decade in order to establish whether the promise has so far been kept. It comes to the conclusion that although there have been some serious attempts to limit some of the freedoms, none of them have actually succeeded. On the other hand, it points out to the growing social demand for greater democracy and the reluctance of the authorities in Beijing to deliver the necessary reforms.
EN
The aim of this paper is to understand the meaning of the Star Ferry and Queen’s Pier locations for the process of shaping Hong Kong identity and why unlike in previous similar cases, the latest removal of the Star Ferry and Queen’s Pier met with resistance from Hong Kong citizens. Looking at Piers of the saga from the historical perspective, it is found that spatial practice of the pre‑Second World War (WWII) piers was a mirror of a colonial and racially segregated city. The public space in the commercial heart of Hong Kong that housed the previous generations of piers was not accessible to the Chinese community, thus denying them rights to the city. It was only after WWII when the Government carried out further reclamation to meet the needs of an industrialising economy that inclusive public spaces were conceived in the commercial heart, enabling the general public to enjoy the city. Therefore when the Government decided to remove this very first public space in the political and economic heart of the city to conceive further reclamation for restructuring the economy, the citizens were determined to defend it. Piers were a physical and mental border of the two worlds, the edge of the city. With the social changes after WWII they were transformed into symbolic centres with a crucial meaning for shaping of the Hong Kong identity.
EN
Thesis. After the handover of Hong Kong’s sovereignty to China in 1997, the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region government stipulated a trilingual (English, Cantonese, and Mandarin) and biliterate (English and Chinese) policy, in order to include Mandarin as an additional co-official language together with the original English and Cantonese. Until the handover, the use of Mandarin was restricted in British colonial Hong Kong. Since the handover, however, Mandarin and its users have experienced some resistance by local Hong Kong people. Method. In an attempt to better understand this resistance and its implications, this study adopts Pierre Bourdieu’s field, habitus, and capital theory, to analyse the anti-Mandarin discourse that has prevailed in the ensuing two decades. Via narrative inquiry, this study explains the habitus of four Mandarin speaking teachers, while especially noting their clashes with the anti-Mandarin discourse, and the symbolic violence they suffered in the field.     Conclusion. The study concludes with a reflection on the clash between the teachers’ struggles with the discourse from a postcolonial perspective, and it also considers the legal issues involved in protecting mainland Chinese as a minority in Hong Kong.
Nurt SVD
|
2014
|
issue 1
321-338
PL
Kościół katolicki w Hong Kongu reprezentuje chińsko-azjatycką wielokulturowość. Tożsamość katolika hongkońskiego osadzona jest na potrójnej przynależności: chińskiej, hongkońskiej i obywatelskiej. Mimo że Hong Kong był kolonią Korony brytyjskiej (1898-1997), pierwszymi misjonarzami byli tu katolicy: 1841 – szwajcarski kapłan Théodore Joset (kapelan żołnierzy irlandzkich); 1842 – franciszkanie rozpoczynają systematyczną ewangelizację kolonii; 1874 – Timoleone Raimondi (wikariusz apostolski) zostaje pierwszym biskupem Hong Kongu; 2013 – była kolonia liczy 7 mln mieszkańców, w tym 350 tys. katolików pochodzenia chińskiego i 150 tys. katolików-imigrantów. Od 1 lipca 1997 roku Hong Kong należy do Chin Ludowych, ale pełna integracja byłej kolonii dokona się w ciągu 50 lat. W praktyce oznacza to, że w kraju funkcjonują dwa systemy: chiński i hongkoński. W celu zapewnienia Kościołowi wolności wyznania, wysiłki duszpasterskie i dyplomatyczne podejmują biskupi miejsca: kardynał John Baptist Wu Cheng-Chung (zmarł w 2002) i aktualny biskup Joseph Zen Ze-kiun.
EN
The Catholic Church in Hong Kong represents the Sino-Asian multi-culture. A Hong Kong Catholic’s identity is set on a triple affiliation: Chinese, Hong Kong, and civic. Although Hong Kong was a British Crown Colony (1898-1997), the first missionaries here were Catholic priests: 1841 – a Swiss priest Theodore Joset (an Irish soldiers’ chaplain); 1842 – the Franciscans began systematic evangelisation of the colonies; 1874 – Timoleon Raimondi (an apostolic vicar) became the first bishop of Hong Kong; 2013 – a former colony’s population is over 7 million people, including 350 thousand of Catholics of Chinese origin and 150 thousand of immigrant Catholics. Since 1 July 1997, Hong Kong has is part of the People’s Republic of China, but the full integration of the former colony is supposed to become effective in 50 years. In practice, this means that in the country there are two systems: the Chinese one and the Hong Kong one. In order to ensure the freedom of religion to the Church, pastoral and diplomatic efforts are taken by the local bishops: Cardinal John Baptist Wu Cheng-Chung (died in 2002) and the current Bishop, Joseph Zen Ze-kiun.
EN
The present paper deals with the use of English as the primary contact language in interactional situations between local Cantonese speaking employers and their Filipino domestic helpers in Hong Kong. While the focus of the existing literature on Englishes in the globalised setting has been largely placed on the language itself, this paper discusses the use of English as a third-party language from the point of view of the participants involved. The aim of this study is twofold. First of all, on the basis of the concept of accustomed language management as suggested by Muraoka (2010), I attempt to demonstrate that as a result of prolonged and continuous interaction in the same living environment, meta-linguistic behaviour towards contact situations particularly related to norm selection is significant among the Hong Kong employers. In addition, I argue that accustomed language management such as de-overtisation of some aware and overt norms may have contributed to the development of a long-term and comparatively stable third-party language contact situation in spite of the absence of an apparent language host.
EN
This paper seeks to reflect on issues related to the nature of housing choice, drawing on qualitative empirical data collected in in-depth interviews. This paper discusses two perspectives related to housing choice, namely, the ‘market perspective of housing choice’ and the ‘perspective of housing choice for well-being’. The ‘market perspective of housing choice’ highlights that desirability generally increases with a greater range of housing choice as the housing supply increases till a climax is reached, after which a further expansion of housing choice may indicate an excess housing supply, which may not be advantageous and home-buyers may instead ‘decide not to choose or buy’. The ‘perspective of housing choice for well-being’ reveals that choice in the housing arena is often viewed as a means to eventual well-being, rather than as an end in itself. Housing choice is ‘genuine’ and ‘meaningful’ if there are meaningful and significant options among a few desirable housing alternatives. ‘Fake housing choice’ involves having to choose from among housing options that are all generally bad.
EN
This paper looks at the changes that occurred in the rural area of the Sai Kung Peninsula in Hong Kong's New Territories from the 16th century, and uses it as a case-study to show the complex range of forces that can act on a locale. Throughout its history, land use and economic activities on the Sai Kung Peninsula have been driven to a great extent by non-local factors, including distant warfare leading to mass immigration and political decisions leading to mass emigration. However, once Hong Kong became an important outpost of Britain's colonial empire it became integrated into a global trade network and thus became sensitive to economic and technological changes taking place thousands of miles away. In the 20th century, the Sai Kung Peninsula developed in response to Hong Kong's growth as an international trade hub, finding its agricultural output overwhelmed by cheap foreign products, and its industry challenged by foreign technological advances.
EN
Aim. The aim of the research is to examine how Mainland China and Chinese people are represented in the visual materials of four sets of Liberal Studies (LS) textbooks in Hong Kong. Methods. Fairclough’s Critical Discourse Analysis, viewing language as a social practice and van Dijk’s ideological coding categories are integrated to analyze discursive representations (e.g., the embedded hidden power) in the Hong Kong Today volumes published by four influential commercial publishers: Modern, Ming Pao, Marshall, and Aristo. Results. The analysis reveals that China and mainland Chinese are negatively portrayed in visual images in four commercial LS textbooks, in which, the representations concerning mainland China and mainlanders are all found ideologically biased to highlight their negative characteristics and alienness. Conclusions. Via an overview of Hong Kong’s history, economy, educational policies, and controversial political events, the reasons why China and its people are represented negatively in LS textbooks is explained.
EN
On 1 July 1997, the United Kingdom officially handed over the territory of Hong Kong to the People’s Republic of China. This event had a symbolic meaning. It marked the end of a stage in China’s history which began in the middle of the 19th century and was described as a time of humiliation. Hong Kong was supposed to be an example of practical implementation of Deng Xiaoping’s political concept of “one country, two systems”, which assumed the possibility of functioning of different economic and political systems in one country. Despite the passage of time, questions remain as to what China’s attitude to the regained territory will be; to what extent the provisions of the 1984 agreement signed between the governments of the People’s Republic of China and the United Kingdom and the 1990 Basic Law for the region will be respected by China, and thus what the political, economic and social situation in Hong Kong will look like until its complete reintegration, i.e., by 2047, and what the future of Hong Kong will be.
EN
China is the largest developing nation in the contemporary world with more than sixty million people suffering from disability. Social attitudes towards people with disabilities have changed significantly for the last few decades as a result of the active advocacy of the disability community in China as well as governmental support for disability initiatives. The aim of this article is to present the social situation of disabled people in China. Some aspects concerning Chinese beliefs about disability will be discussed. Special attention will be paid to institutions and associations working with disabled people.
PL
Hongkong należy do największych centrów finansowych i handlowych na świecie. Jest wiodącym ośrodkiem handlu na świecie. W dużym stopniu jest to rezultat wykorzystywania go przez Chiny jako pośrednika handlowego – swego rodzaju okna na świat – w handlu zagranicznym. Hongkong jest też jednym z największych na świecie odbiorców bezpośrednich inwestycji zagranicznych. Stanowi też jedno z najważniejszych w skali świata źródeł wywozu kapitału w tej formie. Dzięki dysponowaniu takimi atutami jak: korzystne położenie geograficzne, stabilny system polityczny i społeczno-gospodarczy, rozwinięta infrastruktura komunikacyjna i telekomunikacyjna, przejrzysty i dojrzały rynek finansowy, sprawny system nadzoru finansowego, niskie podatki i dostępność wysoko wykwalifikowanych kadr znających język angielski, Hongkong mógł stać się wielkim międzynarodowym centrum finansowym. Enklawa należy do najbardziej znanych rajów podatkowych na świecie. Istnieje tam jeden z najprostszych systemów podatkowych.
EN
Hong Kong is one of the largest trade and financial centres in the world. It is the leading trade centre in the world. To a large extent, it is a result of its role of a trade agent for mainland China. Hong Kong is also one of the largest recipients of foreign direct investment (FDI) in the world. It is also one of the most important sources of FDI. Owing to its favorable geographical position, stable political and socio-economic system, highly-developed transport and telecommunications infrastructure, transparent and developed financial market, efficient system of financial supervision, low taxes, and availability of highly qualified, English-speaking staff, Hong Kong could become a major international financial centre in the globe. The enclave is also one of the famous tax havens with one of the simplest tax systems in the world.
EN
This review covers two new books on Chinese humour: Wendy Gan Comic China: Representing Common Ground, 1890-1945; and King-fai Tam and Sharon Wesoky Not Just a Laughing Matter: Interdisciplinary Approaches to Political Humour in China. Gan argues that humour can moderate extreme views through sympathetic understanding of the other.  Tam and Wesoky cover several aspects of mainland Chinese and Hong Kong humour usage through edited papers from a recent conference.
PL
Celem badań był opis aktualnego modelu polityki społecznej Hongkongu oraz wskazanie specyficznych czynników, które ukształtowały jego rozwój. Należy do nich doktryna konfucjanizmu oparta na założeniu postrzegania względnego ubóstwa i luki dochodowej części społeczeństwa jako koniecznego zła wynikającego z braku motywacji do pracy, która zapewnia dobrobyt. W modelu tym nie ma powszechnego w Europie „rozdawnictwa socjalnego”, stąd wypływa często jego krytyka ze strony zwolenników „państwa dobrobytu”. Wyniki przeprowadzonych badań zaprezentowano w dwóch częściach: Koncepcje i zasady organizacji świadczenia pomocy społecznej Hongkongu (cz. 1) oraz Pomoc finansowa z opieki społecznej — programy socjalne, czyli ochrony zdrowia, mieszkalnictwa, edukacji i zabezpieczenia społecznego. Wykazano w niej, że rząd Hongkongu podejmuje wiele działań, które odgrywają ważną rolę w promowaniu rozwoju społecznego, a jego zaangażowanie determinowane jest złożoną interakcją sił politycznych, społecznych i gospodarczych. Prezentowane badania oparte zostały na kwerendzie materiałów źródłowych rządu Hongkongu oraz pogłębionych wywiadach indywidualnych z jego mieszkańcami. Do weryfikacji wyników badań zastosowano metodę pogłębionego wywiadu indywidualnego (IDI), celem uzyskania szczegółowych opinii i informacji od wybranych mieszkańców Hongkongu na temat oceny i funkcjonowania systemu polityki społecznej oraz formułowanych wniosków. Przeprowadzono je w marcu i kwietniu 2019 roku z przedstawicielami mieszkańców i biznesmenów.
XX
The aim of the research was to describe the current model of Hong Kong’s social policy and to indicate specific factors that shaped its development. These include the doctrine of Confucianism based on the assumption of perceiving relative poverty and the income gap of a part of society as a necessary evil resulting from a lack of motivation for work that ensures well-being. In this model there is no general “social money wastefulness” as in Europe, hence its criticism often comes from supporters of the “welfare state.” The results of the conducted research have been presented in two parts, namely: “Concepts and rules for the organization of social welfare in Hong Kong (Part 1)” and “Financial assistance from social welfare — social programs,” that is, health, housing, education and social security. It has been proven that the Hong Kong government is undertaking a series of activities that play an important role in promoting social development, and its involvement is determined by the complex interaction of political, social and economic forces. The presented research was based on the source materials of the Hong Kong government and in-depth individual interviews with its residents.
EN
The article takes on the issue of the fifteen years of functioning of the “one country — two systems” principle in relations between the People’s Republic of China and Hong Kong. It focuses on the importance of the this principle for the stability of the relationship between these two entities. The aim of the article is to verify the claim that the stability and future of China–Hong Kong relations depends on the successful functioning of the above-mentioned principle.
Ekonomista
|
2019
|
issue 2
243-254
PL
Chociaż większość ekonomistów broni tezy o pozytywnym wpływie inwestycji zagranicznych na rozwój turystyki, wiele prac z zakresu geografii turystyki przedstawia różne poglądy na temat wpływu inwestycji zagranicznych na gospodarkę krajów docelowych. Za pomocą prostego modelu analitycznego autorzy pokazują, że efekty międzynarodowej mobilności kapitału zależą w dużym stopniu od rozmiarów i struktury gospodarki w krajach docelowych. W przypadku małego kraju nastawionego na turystykę liberalna doktryna ekonomiczna stara się nakłonić politykę gospodarczą w kierunku dużej otwartości gospodarki na przepływ czynników produkcji – w stopniu większym niż optymalny. Dlatego polityka rządu powinna opierać się na dokładnej ocenie wpływu tych inwestycji i wpływów z turystyki na gospodarkę kraju. Analiza empiryczna wspierająca te wnioski oparta jest na danych dotyczących dwóch punktów docelowych turystyki międzynarodowej: Makao i Hongkongu.
EN
Although most economists defend the positive role of foreign investors in tourism development, a number of tourism geography studies present divergent views on the local impact of foreign investment on host communities. To trace the issue to its root, a simple analytical framework has been developed to show that the effects of free capital mobility highly depend on the geographical size and degree of economic diversity of a tourism destination. In the case of a small tourism economy, liberal economic doctrines tend to shape host communities’ policy-making towards a higher degree of openness to foreign factors of production than is optimal. Therefore, policymakers should develop foreign investment policies based on a careful assessment of tourism’s impacts and bear in mind the need for sustainable development. Data and facts from Macao and Hong Kong lend support to our theoretical predications.
RU
Большинство экономистов защищает тезис о положительном влиянии иностранных инвестиций на развитие туризма, но ряд работ в области географии туризма представляет разные взгляды на тему их влияния на экономику посещаемых стран. С помощью простой аналитической модели авторы показывают, что эффекты международной мобильности капитала зависят в большой степени от размеров и структуры экономики в посещаемых странах. В случае малой страны, ориентированной на туризм, либеральная экономическая доктрина старается подтолкнуть экономическую политику в направлении большей открытости на приток факторов производства – в большей, чем оптимальной, степени. Поэтому политика правительства должна опираться на четкой оценке влияния этих инвестиций и поступлений от туризма на экономику страны. Эмпирический анализ, поддерживающий эти выводы опирается на данные, касающиеся двух пунктов международного туризма: Макао и Гонконга.
EN
Aim/purpose - This paper aims at examining the value propositions of tourism marketing for smartphone marketing and the value perceptions of tourists of using smartphone applications by investigating the National Tourism Organization (NTO) of Hong Kong and South Korea, respectively. Design/methodology/approach - Through conducting in-depth and focus group interviews, the present study explored and compared the value proposition of smartphone destination marketing of the NTOs in Hong Kong and South Korea. Findings - Findings of the present study indicate seven value propositions of the NTO, including aesthetic, functional, hedonic, organizational, social, technological, and user experience values. Research implications/limitations - An increasing number of destination marketing organizations have been adopting smartphones to meet the demands of the competitive marketing environment. Hence, tourism organizations must enhance the delivery of quality travel-related information to improve tourists' perceived value. A conceptual framework was proposed based on the findings of the present study, and valuable practical implications were provided. Originality/value/contribution - The originality of the present study lies in the integration of the value proposition concept in the consumption value theory to the mobile context in tourism.
20
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Koniec epoki – trwanie czasu. O 2046 Wong Kar-waia

63%
PL
Celem artykułu jest analiza pojęcia czasu oraz jego emocjonalnych, kulturowych i politycznych konotacji, zawartych w filmie 2046 Wong Kar-waia. Czas wyrażany w filmie został spersonalizowany w postaciach bohaterów; poprzez ich przeżycia widz zostaje postawiony wobec faktycznych wydarzeń z istotną dla narracji filmowej kategorią czasu „pożyczonego”. Hongkong tkwi w swoistym zawieszeniu, gdyż „otrzymał” okres pięćdziesięciu lat od wycofania się Wielkiej Brytanii (1997) do ostatecznego przejścia pod zwierzchnictwo Chin (2046). 2046 opowiada o relacjach głównego bohatera z kobietami na przestrzeni lat. Film jest zwieńczeniem trylogii reżysera poświęconej miłości i uczuciom w latach 60. XX wieku.
EN
The goal of this article is an analysis of the concept of time, along with its emotional, cultural, and political connotations, as presented in Wong Kar- -wai’s 2046, where time is being personalized through the characters. The important notion of “borrowed” time and relevant historical events are seen through the narrative structure and the relationships between the characters. Hong Kong was promised a period of fifty years without changes after being passed to China by the United Kingdom in 1997 and thus, it now functions in a limbo. The film tells the story of the main character Chow’s relationships with various women during the years. It is the third installment in Wong’s “love trilogy”, a set of films about emotions and relationships set in 1960s Hong Kong.
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