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Editorial: Political Power and Human Nature in Ancient Thought

100%

Pasierbek W., Świercz P.

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2019

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vol. 10

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issue 32

7-8

EN

Ancient reflection on political power culminated in Greek philosophy and the political and legal thought of the Roman Empire. There is a broad range of literature dedicated to both of these topics. Greek and Roman thought remain a source of inspiration for many philosophical and philosophical-political formations. The problems and questions posed by Greek philosophy, regardless of the social and cultural conditions in which they were formulated, are the foundation of European culture. Among the most important problems that we inherited from the ancient Greeks is reflection on the essence of political power, reflection on nature in general and the nature of man in particular, as well as on the issue of the political system and the nature of state law. In the context indicated above, Greco-Roman civilization is the birthplace of democratic and republican regimes. However, it is also home to the critique of democracy, which has its source in philosophical reflection on truth and justice. To this day, critical reflection on democracy, understood both as an idea ordering social life and as a specific political system, refers, as its source, to ancient reflection. Heraclitus of Ephesus and Plato are most often cited in this context...

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Politické myšlení Alberta Camuse v kontextu motivu lidské přirozenosti

32%

Müller M.

Svět literatury – Časopis pro novodobé literatury (World of Literature – Journal for Modern Literatures)

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2020

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issue 61

77-93

EN

This article points to the interdisciplinary overlap of literary and journalistic work by Albert Camus and political philosophy. Unfortunately, political thoughts that represent a significant aspect of his work are often overshadowed by the exaggerated appeal of many interprets and literary critics to the philosophy of absurdity and its existential dimension. The article proposes the interpretative framework of human nature as a unifying element between the concepts of absurd and revolt, and uses it to assess Camus’s moderate political position. The article concludes that Camus’s works can be useful in considering the necessary conditions for political discussion and interpersonal dialogue, and in highlighting the importance of literature within this dialogue.

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Człowiek jako stworzenie Boże w teologicznej refleksji Christosa Yannarasa

26%

Leśniewski K.

Roczniki Teologii Ekumenicznej (Annals of Ecumenical Theology)

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2011

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vol. 3(58)

49-70

EN

The mystery of human being as a creature of God has been explored by many generations of philosophers and theologians. This article is an attempt to analyze of the some aspects of anthropological thought of famous contemporary Greek thinker – Christos Yannaras. The starting point is a depiction of the creation of human being as an act of God. His love constitutes man as an existential event of personal communion and relationship and a partaker in the freedom of love which is true life. The second part of the article relates to the issue of God’s image in human being. The Greek Fathers interpreted the image of God in humanity trying to avoid dualistic and monistic conceptual definitions. The patristic interpretation sums up the truth of the words “in the image” in the triadic character of personal energies (mind, reason, spirit) or in the “sovereignty” and “self- determination” which sum up the ontological differentiation of the person with regard to nature. The distinction between the sexes, namely the differentiation of man and woman, in relation to the image of God has been examined in the third part of the article. From the biblical narrative of man’s creation follows that man should realize life as communion with the other sex and it is the way for human life to be constituted in new personal hypostases and to have dominion over the earth (Gen 1:28). The distinction of sexes does not function in man as it functions in the animals where it is exclusively subordinate to the natural necessity of propagation. The distinction of the sexes has its foundation in human nature, but it is not identical with this nature, just as it is not to be identified even with the hypostasis of man. How to understand the reality of soul from the Christian point of view? Some possible answers for this question are presented in the four part of the article. There are many meanings of the word soul in the Bible and in Christian literature. The soul it is often identified in the Old Testament with the manifestation of life on earth, while in the New Testament it appears also as a bearer of eternal life. Today what we call soul is a dynamically effected event, a complex of ceaselessly effected functions which reveal and express the living existence of man. For these functions we use various names: we speak of reason, imagination, judgment, creativity, ability to love, etc. The final part of the article shows relations between soul and body. Yannaras underlines that soul and body do not determine the mode by which the human person is, but are determined and marked as differentiations of the result of natural energy, that is of the universal-ecstatic reference of the bicomposite essence or nature. Both the body and the soul are energies of human nature. What each specific man is, this inmost I which constitutes him as an existential event, is identified neither with the body nor the soul. The distinction between soul and body refers to the semantic differentiation of the result of natural energy and does not refer to the mode by which humanity is as nature and person.

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Demokracja i mizantropia. Przemiany wyobrażeń na temat ludu a problem intelektualnego uprawomocnienia demokracji

26%

Nowak L.

Horyzonty Polityki

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2020

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vol. 11

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issue 34

13-26

EN

RESEARCH OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this article is to analyse the relationship between ideas of philosophical anthropology and the problem of intellectual legitimacy of democracy. THE RESEARCH PROBLEM AND METHODS: In the article I am trying to answer the question, what is the relationship between views on human nature and attitude to democracy. I analyse this problem by interpreting classic works of political thought. THE PROCESS OF ARGUMENTATION: The starting point is the statement: aversion to democracy arose largely from misanthropy. Democracy was not considered as intellectually legitimate regime, because it was not believed in the rationality of an ordinary person and his ability to participate responsibly in public life. This situation changes during the Enlightenment, when anthropological pessimism was undermined, and the theories underlying the idea of the intellectual legitimacy of democracy were formulated. The later course of events largely questioned these theories, but nevertheless democracy in the West is considered as the only legitimate form of government. RESEARCH RESULTS: This leads me to a view on the paradoxical nature of modern democracy. On the one hand, there is a consensus regarding the intellectual legitimacy of democracy. On the other hand, in theory and practice, the ability of ordinary people to participate reasonably in public life is commonly questioned. CONCLUSIONS, INNOVATIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS: The results of the analysis should prompt the political scientist to change the way of understanding the nature of modern democracy. This system is called democracy, but it seems to have less and less to do with the hopes of those authors who formulated its intellectual assumptions.

PL

CEL NAUKOWY: Celem tego artykułu jest analiza związku między wy‑ obrażeniami z zakresu antropologii filozoficznej a problemem intelektualnej prawomocności demokracji. PROBLEM I METODY BADAWCZE: W artykule próbuję odpowiedzieć na pytanie, jaki jest związek między poglądami na temat natury ludzkiej a sto‑ sunkiem do demokracji. Analizuję ten problem interpretując klasyczne dzieła z zakresu myśli politycznej. PROCES WYWODU: Punktem wyjścia jest konstatacja: niechęć wobec demo‑ kracji wyrastała w dużej mierze z mizantropii. Demokracja nie była uznawana za ustrój godny poparcia, ponieważ nie wierzono w racjonalność zwykłego czło‑ wieka i jego zdolność do odpowiedzialnego uczestnictwa w życiu publicznym. Ta sytuacja zmienia się w epoce Oświecenia, kiedy to podważono pesymizm antropologiczny i sformułowane zostały teorie stanowiące podstawę dla idei intelektualnej prawomocności demokracji. Późniejszy bieg wypadków w du‑ żym stopniu te teorie zakwestionował, ale mimo to demokracja na Zachodzie uznawana jest za jedyną prawomocną formę rządu. WYNIKI ANALIZY NAUKOWEJ: Analiza prowadzi do sformułowania poglądu o paradoksalnym charakterze współczesnej demokracji. Z jednej stro‑ ny, istnieje konsensus co do intelektualnej prawomocności demokracji, z dru‑ giej – w teorii i praktyce powszechnie kwestionowana jest zdolność zwykłego człowieka do rozumnego uczestnictwa w życiu publicznym. WNIOSKI, INNOWACJE, REKOMENDACJE: Wyniki analizy powinny skłonić politologa do zmiany sposobu rozumienia charakteru współczesnej demo‑ kracji. Ustrój ten nosi nazwę demokracja, ale wydaje się mieć coraz mniej wspól‑ nego z nadziejami tych autorów, którzy sformułowali jej intelektualne założenia.

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2 Horyzonty Polityki

1 Roczniki Teologii Ekumenicznej (Annals of Ecumenical Theology)

1 Svět literatury – Časopis pro novodobé literatury (World of Literature – Journal for Modern Literatures)

2 2020

1 2019

1 2011

1 Leśniewski K.

1 Müller M.

1 Nowak L.

1 Pasierbek W.

1 Świercz P.

Editorial: Political Power and Human Nature in Ancient Thought

Politické myšlení Alberta Camuse v kontextu motivu lidské přirozenosti

Człowiek jako stworzenie Boże w teologicznej refleksji Christosa Yannarasa

Demokracja i mizantropia. Przemiany wyobrażeń na temat ludu a problem intelektualnego uprawomocnienia demokracji