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EN
The article is an analysis of the views expressed by an anonymous author of the treatise De institutione regii pueri concerning the authority of the monarch. The treatise was written at the end of 1502 on the occasion of the expected birth of Władysław Jagiellończyk and Anna de Foix’s son. The treatise made references to the educational model created at the beginning of the Humanism period in Italy. Suggestions included in the treatise were supposed to build up the majesty of the ruler. The presented model may be considered to be traditional. The ruler – in that model – thanks to the characteristics acquired in the process of education was supposed to gain a positive reception on part of his subjects.
EN
Michael H. Mitias argues that friendship is a central moral value constituting an integral part of the good life and therefore deserving a prominent place in ethical theory. He consequently calls upon ethicists to make immediate and decisive adjustments toward accommodating what he regards as a neglected organic relationship between friendship and morality. This is not a fanciful amendment to our standard conception of morality but a radical proposal grounded in a unifying vision to recapture the right way of doing ethics. While the assessment is compelling, and the plea well-placed, neither has been fully understood in the scholarly reception of Mitias. This paper clarifies both. What sets it apart from other reactions to Mitias is a holistic approach drawing on literary considerations as well as philosophical ones. The combined aim is to demonstrate that Mitias is not seeking simply to restore friendship to its rightful place in normative ethical theory, which is indeed the full extent of his formal mission, but that he is seeking to do so specifically within virtue ethics. This interpretation rests on a broad engagement with Mitias’s publications beyond the recent treatise often taken understandably yet erroneously to be his only work on the subject.
EN
The article interprets the crisis of liberal democracy in the 21st century as the result of an ongoing, dual revolution of dignity. One such revolution is the work of “humanist outliers”: small groups and individuals dedicated to compassionate social emancipation. Thus anti-authoritarian revolutions like that of Solidarity in Poland (1980–81) succeed in large part thanks to cultural and political innovations springing from the work of such small groups. However, the humanist revolution of dignity – featuring altruism and cooperation – has its “tribal doppelgänger”: a twin revolution that strives to reclaim national dignity and pride at the price of submission to authoritarian rule.
EN
The last and actually the only study so-far devoted to the life and work of an Utraquist priest Matthias Korambus († 1536) has been a short entry in the third volume of Rukověť humanistického básnictví v Čechách a na Moravě / Enchiridion renatae poesis Latinae in Bohemia et Moravia cultae (Prague 1969). This entry is now supplemented and corrected in a significant way. Above all, it has been discovered that Korambus studied at the University of Basel, where he accomplished a doctoral grade in 1507. Hitherto unknown was also his first work Septem psalmi poenitentiales, printed in Basel in 1508 and containing a dedication to the professor Matthias Holderlin-Sambucellus. Accordingly, the hypothesis that Korambus studied Greek in Italy is now to be rejected. The last contribution of the present text consists in the emphasis on Korambus’ involvement in religious controversies in Bohemia during the 20s of the 16th century.
EN
The paper presents a new Polish translation of the third book of Zodiacus vitae (1536) by Marcello Palingenio Stellato (Palingenius) with a short introduction and commentary.
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Josef Truhlář a česká středověká literatura

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EN
This article is devoted to the work of the Custodian of the Prague Imperial-Royal University Library (now the National Library of the Czech Republic) Josef Truhlář (1840–1914, at the library 1865–1907), who is known as the author of still used catalogues of manuscripts and monographs on humanism in the Czech Lands. The study focuses on Truhlář’s less known scientific work he carried out as a literary historian and editor in the fi eld of medieval Old- -Czech and Latin literature.
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Ethics in Progress
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2016
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vol. 7
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issue 2
82-94
EN
The aim of the article is to show that the so-called “philosophia perennis” is valid for our modern times too. Four philosophical schools of the Hellenistic times remain influential for the following centuries: Plato and Neoplatonism, Aristotle and the Peripatetics, the Stoics and the Epicureans. We are interpreting two, only two, poems from Thomas More and Jacob Balde, and so we see the greatest possible influence of all these four ancient philosophical schools.
PL
The study is an analysis and interpretation of a scene from Łukasz Górnicki’s tragedy Troas (1589), a translation of Seneca’s Troades. A comparison to the original as well as the description of changes introduced by the translator serve to capture a special phenomenon of emphasising the analogy between Ulysses’s and a diplomat’s activity. Starting with the main character’s first line, the words: “durae minister sortis” were translated as “Ja, co poselstwo niosę”. The analysis of this issue shows that the role of Ulysses (who does not negotiate with a representative of a sovereign country, but with a captive woman) cannot be equated with the role of an ambassador. Conversely, it combines in itself the features characteristic of diplomatic staff of various ranks, including characters operating on the edge of the law. The consilium ascribed to Ulysses enables to explore the secret of Andromacha by observing physical symptoms of emotions. This makes it possible for Górnicki to define the main character’s ingenuity as “dowcip odwrócony na nice” which, irrespective of Seneca’s original, refers to the terminology used earlier in Dworzanin polski, where dowcip (wit) is the equivalent of ingegno. Among the ethical elements of Ulysses’s speeches one should name, above all, his desire to convince Andromacha to accept the Greek’s line of argumentation. This, in turn, provides good framework for parallelism with the New Testament (Lk 2:35). The last part of the work, devoted to pathos, addresses the problem of a mismatch between the role of Ulysses and diplomacy codes in Górnicki’s times. The main character does not limit himself to conducting well thought-out negotiations, but he also uses direct violence. Similar dissonance in character construction seems to make the representation of diplomatic practices in Górnicki’s translation a problematic task, given the socio-political tensions in Europe in the second half of sixteenth century.
PL
Choć Zodiacus vitae Marcellusa Palingeniusa Stellatusa był jedną z najbardziej sensacyjnych publikacji XVI stulecia, jego popularność w epoce renesansu nie stała się jeszcze przedmiotem wszechstronnych badań naukowych. Zatem celem niniejszego artykułu jest wypełnienie przynajmniej części tej luki poprzez prezentację popularności dzieła w szesnastowiecznej Polsce, gdzie pierwszego przekładu dokonał Mikołaj Rej. Faktem jest, że wielu innych wybitnych przedstawicieli kultury polskiego renesansu interesowało się Zodiacusem, na co znajdujemy liczne odwołania do tego dzieła, zarówno w utworach poetyckich, jak i traktatach filozoficznych. Ustrój ówczesnej Rzeczypospolitej oraz intensywne kontakty z niemieckimi i włoskimi uniwersytetami dają doskonałe pole do badań pogłębiających nasze rozumienie wpływu Zodiacusa na rozwój literatury i kultury pod koniec XVI i na początku XVII stulecia.
EN
Marcellus Palingenius Stellatus’ Zodiacus vitae was one of the biggest editorial sensations of the sixteenth century, despite which its popularity in the Renaissance has not yet been the subject of a comprehensive study. The aim of this article is to partially fill that gap by addressing the circulation of the work in sixteenth-century Poland, where the first adaptation of the text into a language other than Latin was produced by the poet Mikołaj Rej. Indeed, several other illustrious exponents of Polish Renaissance culture were also interested in the Zodiacus and we can find references to it in both poetic works and in philosophical treatises. The particular political and social organisation of Poland at the time, and its intensive contacts with Italian and German universities, make it an excellent field of investigation for an understanding of the impact of the Zodiacus between the end of the sixteenth century and the beginning of the seventeenth.
EN
In this article Istudy the Preface by Ferran Valentí to his own translation into Catalan of Cicero’s Paradoxa. Ferran Valentí was ahumanist from Majorca, author in Catalan language who earned a Low Degree at the University of Bologna and who declared himself adevoted “son and pupil” of humanist Leonardo Bruni. Valentí made an analysis of the humanistic Canon in mid-15th century, including troubadours, Dante, Lullius, Latin literature classics and several Catalan authors, such as Bernat Metge. This proves that humanism was atrue trend in the Crown of Aragon from the 2nd half of the 14th Century on.
EN
This article has as its topic the Danish artist Dan Sterup-Hansen (1918–1995) and his paintings and prints on the subject of blind people with canes as well as works related to these. Sterup-Hansen was active as an artist from a young to an old age, but made a significant artistic contribution in the decades following World War II. During this period, he explored a number of themes related to cold war anxiety and the cultural trauma of the World War II. These themes centre on the human body and a phenomenological perception of the world. They are humanitarian in spirit and are related to Sterup-Hansen’s left-wing political views of solidarity, humanism, and advocacy for change and reconstruction after the World War II.
EN
The article deals with the peculiarities of formation of pedagogical thought in Ukraine and Poland during the propagation of Renaissance ideas into pedagogical culture of XVI-XVII centuries. It has been emphasized that founders of humanistic pedagogical culture in Ukraine were such outstanding scientists as Grygoriy Sanotskyi, Yuriy Drogobych, Mikolaj Kopernik, Pavlo Krosnenskyi and others. Problems of new man's formation, understanding his life purpose, expressions of his civic and spiritual activities, reevaluation of manual labour, peculiarities of moral education are studied on the basis of comparative analysis of famous Ukrainian-Polish humanists' works of XVI-XVII centuries. It has been stressed that the existence of close spiritual and intellectual relations between Ukrainian and Polish culture enabled the formation of humanistic pedagogical principles, European cultural and educational space, as well as the strengthening European life values. Educational thought of XVI-XVII centuries has been analyzed in the context of problems associated with the propagation of humanistic thinking among Ukrainian and Polish intellectuals, the reevaluation of man's role in the different spheres of life, the development of new educational culture in Ukraine.
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EN
The study deals with the motives, approaches, and apologies of the leading humanist scholars in the field of translating and interpreting the Bible. Special attention is paid to the crucial figure of the Humanist Biblical tradition, Erasmus of Rotterdam. His edition of the Greek text of the New Testament and his new Latin translation of it represent the first flowering of New Testament exegesis, based on criticism and philology. No matter how conscientious his approach to the Biblical text might have been, he and his followers had to cope with the basic problem of authenticity of the text merely derived from the Holy Writ. The present paper deals with the arguments of Erasmus and his contemporaries or successors, namely Immanuel Tremellius, Santes Pagninus, Theodor Beza, Sebastian Castellio and the editors of the Zurich Bible (especially Petrus Cholinus), defending not only possibility, but also utility and benefit of new Bible translations for the renewal of spirituality and of religious thought itself. After having explored the representative achievements of their endeavors, the author comes to conclusion that the principal question for them was not "whether", but "why" and "how". They were aware of dealing with delicate matter, but in principle they did not consider it an essential obstacle. Common feature of their argumentation has been explicitly grasped by Erasmus (see motto): the Holy Spirit invites us to cooperation, he never operates alone. Given this, there was no reason to ruminate the question of authority. The "verbal inspiration of the biblical text", an important principle held later by many Protestant, was not order of the day at that times. Moreover, the theory of divine inspiration not only of the Hebrew text, but also of that of its Greek translation, was sustained as early as in the eve of Christianity by Philo of Alexandria to corroborate the authority of the Septuagint. In a certain simplification we may assume that this was the first attempt to justify translating of the Holy Scripture.
PL
Artykuł proponuje analizę i interpretację sceny z tragedii Łukasza Górnickiego Troas (1589), będącej przekładem Troades Seneki. Porównanie z oryginałem i opis zmian wprowadzonych przez tłumacza mają na celu uchwycenie szczególnego zjawiska, jakim jest zaakcentowanie w przekładzie analogii postępowania Ulissesa z działalnością dyplomaty: od pierwszej kwestii bohatera, słowa „durae minister sortis” przetłumaczone zostały jako „ja, co poselstwo niosę”. Analiza tego zagadnienia pokazuje zarazem, że rola Ulissesa (pertraktującego nie z przedstawicielem suwerennego państwa, ale z branką) nie może zostać utożsamiona z funkcją ambasadora, lecz łączy w sobie cechy właściwe personelowi dyplomatycznemu różnego szczebla, w tym postaci działających na krawędzi legalności. Przypisane Ulissesowi consilium umożliwia przeniknięcie tajemnicy Andromachy za pomocą obserwacji cielesnych symptomów emocji. Pozwala to Górnickiemu określić przemyślność bohatera jako „dowcip odwrócony na nice”, co stanowi – niezależne od oryginału Seneki – na wiązanie do terminologii użytej wcześniej w Dworzaninie polskim, gdzie dowcip jest odpowiednikiem ingegno. Wśród etycznych elementów mów Ulissesa wymienić należy przede wszystkim jego pragnienie przekonania Andromachy do słuszności racji Greków. Zjawisko to stanowi ramę dla wystąpienia paralelizmu z Nowym Testamentem (Łk 2, 35). Ostatnia część, poświęcona pathos, podejmuje problem nieprzystawalności roli Ulissesa do kodów dyplomacji epoki Górnickiego. Bohater nie ogranicza się do prowadzenia przemyślnych negocjacji, ale posługuje się również przemocą bezpośrednią. Podobna niespójność kreacji postaci wydaje się wpisywać problematyczną reprezentację praktyk dyplomacji w przekładzie Górnickiego w polityczne i społeczne napięcia drugiej połowy XVI w.
EN
The study is an analysis and interpretation of a scene from Łukasz Górnicki’s tragedy Troas (1589), a translation of Seneca’s Troades. A comparison to the original as well as the description of changes introduced by the translator serve to capture a special phenomenon of emphasising the analogy between Ulysses’s and a diplomat’s activity. Starting with the main character’s first line, the words: “durae minister sortis” were translated as “Ja, co poselstwo niosę”. The analysis of this issue shows that the role of Ulysses (who does not negotiate with a representative of a sovereign country, but with a captive woman) cannot be equated with the role of an ambassador. Conversely, it combines in itself the features characteristic of diplomatic staff of various ranks, including characters operating on the edge of the law. The consilium ascribed to Ulysses enables to explore the secret of Andromacha by observing physical symptoms of emotions. This makes it possible for Górnicki to define the main character’s ingenuity as “dowcip odwrócony na nice” which, irrespective of Seneca’s original, refers to the terminology used earlier in Dworzanin polski, where dowcip (wit) is the equivalent of ingegno. Among the ethical elements of Ulysses’s speeches one should name, above all, his desire to convince Andromacha to accept the Greek’s line of argumentation. This, in turn, provides good framework for parallelism with the New Testament (Lk 2:35). The last part of the work, devoted to pathos, addresses the problem of a mismatch between the role of Ulysses and diplomacy codes in Górnicki’s times. The main character does not limit himself to conducting well thought-out negotiations, but he also uses direct violence. Similar dissonance in character construction seems to make the representation of diplomatic practices in Górnicki’s translation a problematic task, given the socio-political tensions in Europe in the second half of 16th century.
Rocznik Teologiczny
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2015
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vol. 57
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issue 3
347-374
PL
Artykuł prezentuje wyniki badań nad korespondencją Filipa Melanchtona do Jana Łaskiego. Listy to z jednej strony osobista korespondencja, z drugiej źródło poznania: historii Kościoła, najważniejszych duchowych liderów reformacji, współpracowników i różnic teologicznych XVI w. Artykuł zawiera tłumaczenie listów i pism z łaciny na język polski.
EN
This article presents the results of research on the correspondence of Philip Melanchton to John a Lasco. Letters, the one hand are personal reformer’s correspondence, on the other hand is the source of knowledge of the history of the Church and the most importents leaders of the reformations, collaborators, and theological diversities of the 16th century. Article contains letters and other Melanchton’s writings translated from the Latin into the Polish.
EN
At a time when humanity experiences its greatest advances, major conflicts and abuses arise around the world due to a lack of humanism and reason within the meaning of the Enlightenment. Modernity and western comfort in our globalized society have not helped share and balance the wealth, nor preserve the natural resources; it has not prevented crimes against humanity nor the most insane dictatorial actions of the 20th and early 21st centuries. This went hand in hand with a massive degradation of the environment. Could the animal be the solution to all the mistakes we have made during the last century, instead of being considered an inferior, a slave? Could he not be the one who has managed the best in the fields of intelligence, self-regulation and respect of his vital environment? Should we not rather turn toward the animal to find a new balanced model? Respecting the environment and his peers seems to be the most striking evidence of intelligence, does it not? The animal has achieved this. Man has not. Focusing on the way man has treated animals may therefore help us to understand why we have treated our peers so badly.
EN
The aim of this article is to analyse the motif of play appearing in early modern Dutch literature, from the perspective of the humanistic pedagogical ideas. These were humanist educators, such as Erasmus of Rotterdam and Juan Luis Vives, who started to recognize the pedagogical and educational benefits of game playing. The author discusses a manner in which the humanistic pedagogical ideals are reflected in the domain of the didactic literature, propagating ideal patterns of behavior. The paper addresses the mentioned problem by analyzing the phenomenon of play present in the one of the most popular Dutch didactic treatises Marriage (Houwelyck, 1625) of 17th-century poet and moralist Jacob Cats (1577–1660). It turns out that the motif of play presented in the treatise affects different contexts: educational, pedagogical and moral. Furthermore, the poet evaluates the concept of play by making a distinction between good and bad games. This division serves him as a metaphor of an ideal and non-ideal upbringing and parenthood. The analysis also shows that by recognizing the educational benefits of this form of entertainment, play, unless purposeful and useful, raises moral doubts, what, according to Jacob Cats and the mentioned humanist educators, has constituted its existence in the child’s world. Keywords: children’s games, motif of play, early modern period, Dutch literature, early modern literature, didactic literature, Humanism, Reformation, humanistic pedagogical ideas, Jacob Cats, Erasmus of Rotterdam, Juan Luis Vives, Christiaan Huygens.
PL
Celem niniejszego artykułu jest analiza motywu zabawy obecnego we wczesnonowożytnej literaturze niderlandzkiej, z perspektywy humanistycznej myśli pedagogicznej. To właśnie humaniści, jak Erazm z Rotterdamu czy Juan Luis Vives, zaczęli dostrzegać wychowawcze i edukacyjne walory zabawy. Rozważaniom poddano sposób, w jaki humanistyczne idee pedagogiczne znajdują swoje odzwierciedlenie na płaszczyźnie wczesnonowożytnej literatury dydaktycznej, propagującej idealne modele postępowania. W tym celu przeanalizowano fenomen zabawy obecny w jednym z najpoczytniej szych niderlandzkich traktatów dydaktycznych Małżeństwo (Houwelyck, 1625) siedemnastowiecznego poety–moralisty Jacoba Catsa (1577–1660). Okazuje się, że zaprezentowany w traktacie motyw zabawy dotyka różnych kontekstów: edukacyjnego, wychowawczego i moralnego. Sama zabawa została natomiast poddana przez poetę wartościowaniu, poprzez wyróżnienie zabaw dobrych i złych. Podział ten posłużył autorowi jako metafora idealnego i nieidealnego wychowania i rodzicielstwa. Przeprowadzona analiza wykazała również, że dzięki wskazaniu walorów edukacyjnych tej formy rozrywki, zabawa, o ile celowa i pożyteczna, przestała budzić wątpliwości moralne, co, według Jacoba Catsa i omawianych humanistów, konstytuowało jej istnienie w świecie dziecka.
EN
This article presents a retrospective view of the activities of six scholars (Josef Hrabák, Jaroslav Kolár, Milan Kopecký, Eduard Petrů, Emil Pražák and Zdeňka Tichá), who between 1956 and 1996 took an interest in the Renaissance and Humanism in the Czech lands. It might appear that the Marxist ideology of the time must inevitably have distorted the researchers’ professionalism to varying degrees, but this article convincingly proves that this was not entirely unavoidable at least for an interpretation of the period between Hussitism and the Battle of the White Mountain, as in 1956, thanks to Hrabák’s “programme”, this research orientation acquired a strong focus on Josef Dobrovský, and thus on a patriotic assessment of the meaning of Czech history, as had been required by the First Republic. Because postwar Communist doctine paradoxically intersected the same milestones as Masaryk’s nation-building programme, based on the ethos of Hus, Palacký and Havlíček, none of the six scholars under review needed to resort to the political vocabulary that was characteristic of the latter half of the 20th century. Marxist ideology required the emphasis to be at best on progressive trends and the people, the latter term being understood ad hoc to mean both the townspeople and the rural population. On the other hand, the religious question was brought down to just the anti-Habsburg and anti-Rome sentiments of the Unity of Brethren, so that politically deferential research into the 16th century must have missed the most valuable aspects, i.e. the reconceptualization of the inherited canon, whereby the patriotic (i.e. the sole correct) interpretation of literary development was enhanced by dual Catholic-Utraquist and all non-conformist literature. The actual term humanism was overused as need required but without a strict definition, implying identification with humanity in the modern sense of the word. Curiously, this interpretational vagueness then allowed the term humanism to be confused with the Renaissance (and vice versa), thus covering the entire period between Hussitism and the White Mountain within these categories. This sleight of hand was based on a Marxist interpretation of Hussitism, which beyond the obvious positive aspects did not allow for an examination of the negative effects of this revolutionary movement on the subsequent development of bourgeois society (in particular). Hence what was known as the first, Hussite Reformation was declared to be the primary basis for the Renaissance and Humanism in the Czech lands. From the 1980s Eduard Petrů devoted himself to an alternative conception of Humanism. Its alternative and seemingly apolitical nature stemmed from the fact that this conception was not associated with the politically topical interpretation of Hussitism, but then in contrast the Humanism of the Czech lands was enthusiastically found to include a seemingly special feature known as the information explosion. Basically, however, this was a final stage of Humanism for popular consumption (involving its diffusion and imitation), strongly influenced by the printers’ economic standpoint, and inevitably responding to human knowledge and development in all 16th century European literatures.
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