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How to understand the hybrid war

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EN
Despite the fact that the hybrid wars were conducted for centuries, the annexation of the Crimea and the involvement of the Russian Federation in the conflict in the Ukraine calls new discussions over its essence. Evaluation of the theory and practice of the activities carried out by FR indicates that we are dealing with the new generation of war. However, it is not in contradiction with the "Clausewitzian paradigm" of conducting armed struggle, which says that war is merely a continuation of politics by other means. The hybrid actions refer precisely to these measures, whereas the rules of warfare, its nature and objectives are still the same.
EN
This paper looks at selected one-sided pro-kremlin websites in Slovakia through thematic discursive analysis. Enforcement of one-sided propagandistic thoughts and opinions, primarily through freely available internet media, has become one of the most important aspects of hybrid warfare in today's world. The aim of this paper was to identify the specific goals of Russian propaganda and to clarify in what ways through language resources is propaganda spread on pro-kremlin websites. The results of the analysis are interpreted and word resources used by these websites are presented at the end of the paper. The results prove that pro-kremlin disinformation websites use word and language manipulation which helps in the acceptance and spreading of unilaterally focused and distorted information in Slovakia. The paper is trying to continue and complement current researches devoted to the problematic of pro-kremlin websites in central Europe.
EN
The world is living in a state of constant psychological warfare, technological advances and development; in the 21st century Internet governance has become a puzzle for scientists and practitioners. Virtual warfare is an alternative to real warfare, one of the biggest threats to global security. In discussing the issue, we must consider the capabilities of the world’s leading countries, and first of all, identify the threat posed by Russia, which is the core of unpredictable aggression. This state is trying to influence almost the whole world with large-scale cyber-hacking attacks and continuous disinformation and fake news. Today it is difficult to find out where the theoretical war begins and where the practical military aggression ends, so new research, recommendations, scientific papers, and defence strategies are needed. Defensive mechanisms are created for cyber-attacks and this is always followed by more powerful attacks; that is why NATO enacted Article 5 of the Washington Treaty or the principle of “collective defence.” The article discusses Russia’s aggressive policy towards Georgia during and after the Russian-Georgian war in August 2008. The features of the Russian hybrid war and cyber attacks are discussed.
PL
Rosyjska interwencja na Ukrainie, aneksja Krymu i prowadzona wojna hybrydowa mają ogromny wpływ na stosunki międzynarodowe i bezpieczeństwo. Jest to pierwszy przypadek w XXI wieku, gdy na oczach świata, państwo- jednocześnie mocarstwo nuklearne – dokonuje agresji na drugie i anektuje część jego terytorium, będąc jednocześnie gwarantem jego suwerenności i integralności terytorialnej. Agresja Rosji wobec Ukrainy, prowadzona wojna hybrydowa, a także różne formy wojny propagandowo-psychologicznej, zwróconej także wobec Zachodu, mają rosnący wpływ na stosunki polityczno-wojskowe w świecie, komplikują i zakłócają stosunki gospodarcze, zbliżają świat do nowej zimnej wojny. Towarzyszą temu zmiany w doktrynie wojennej Rosji, w tym obniżanie progu i groźby użycia broni nuklearnej. Ta nowa doktryna Rosji, nazywana już doktryną Putina, na pewno doprowadzi do zmian w doktrynach strategicznych NATO, UE i poszczególnych krajów zachodnich. Zmiany takie, podkreślające rosnące zagrożenie ze strony Rosji, już nastąpiły w nowej Strategii Bezpieczeństwa Stanów Zjednoczonych. Kryzys na Ukrainie i konflikt z Rosją ma jednak szersze uwarunkowania. Wynikają one ze słabości samej Ukrainy, braku determinacji w budowaniu własnej państwowości i efektywnej gospodarki, z wszechogarniającej korupcji i innych patologii występujących w tym kraju. Nie bez winy jest także Zachód, a zwłaszcza Stany Zjednoczone, nie stroniące jako jedyne supermocarstwo po upadku ZSRR, od jednostronnych działań, często łamiących zasady współżycia i prawa międzynarodowego. Autor analizuje wiele aspektów i uwarunkowań kryzysu ukraińskiego oraz polityki Rosji, wpływu na politykę międzynarodową, a zwłaszcza na bezpieczeństwo międzynarodowe, także w kontekście Polski.
EN
Russian intervention in Ukraine and Crimea annexation has already big impact on international security. It is the first case in 21st century when the state – global nuclear power, is committing aggression on the territory of the other state being in the same time guarantor of its territorial integrity. From over one year the world is eyewitness of something which could be called creeping intervention in atmosphere of dezinformation and psychological war, reminding the time of clashes between nazism and communism. The author is analyzing facts which followed up the so called Euro-Maidan, its political and legal aspects as well the reaction of Russia on that, annexation of Crimea including. The subject of analyze is also behavior and position of USA and EU on Ukrainian crisis. The most important part of article is analyze of evolution of Russian foreign and security policy and its war doctrine which is being already called Putin doctrine. Russian intervention in Ukraine is actually recognized as the biggest threat to international security and challenge for international order bringing the world back to cold war.
EN
In the first part of the article, the author presents in a synthetic way the etymology of the concept of hybrid war, as well as its derivatives. It briefly describes the theory of hybrid war according to the views of American and Baltic theorists. In the following parts, he presents Russian views on waging a hybrid war, as well as selected aspects of its practical application with the use of a wide range of economic, social, military and political conditions. In conclusion, in a synthetic approach, it identifies the specificity of future wars in the confrontation with the war of 2022.
PL
W pierwszej części artykułu autor w sposób syntetyczny przedstawia etymologię pojęcia wojna hybrydowa, a także jej pochodne. Skrótowo charakteryzuje teorię wojny hybrydowej według poglądów teoretyków amerykańskich oraz z krajów bałtyckich. W kolejnych częściach przedstawia rosyjskie poglądy na prowadzenie wojny hybrydowej, a także wybrane aspekty jej praktycznego zastosowania z wykorzystaniem szerokiego spektrum uwarunkowań ekonomicznych, społecznych, militarnych i politycznych. W konkluzji w syntetycznym ujęciu identyfikuje specyfikę przyszłych wojen w konfrontacji z wojną roku 2022.
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