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EN
The lasting traces of Czech immigration to Texas and the once prominent immigrant community lead to the cemeteries. The purpose of this study is to show how to read Czech cemetery data in Texas from the 1860s to the 1950s in order to understand the immigrants’ integration and contact with their German neighbors and the dominant Anglo-American society. To immigrants in the middle of the 19th century, Texas offered land and freedom of movement. But the reasons to return home outweighed those to stay for some of the earliest immigrants who were unable to align themselves with networks established by the German immigrants who preceded them. Those who followed the pioneers lived within interethnic social structures that they gradually abandoned in favor of the ethnocentric Czech community. Language choices, the interplay of Czech and English, and the endurance of the Czech language in tombstone inscriptions yield synchronic and diachronic data whose analysis and interpretation reveal sociolinguistic networks of immigrants, rules of social cohesion and ethnic identity.
EN
In this paper I seek to contribute to our understanding of Romanian immigration in the Czech Republic that has been neglected so far in the scholarly literature. This article presents evidence on a selected Romanian community in peripheral village in the Jesenik-region based upon biographic interviews. The emergence and function of the community are reflected in the migration history of Romanian families, their gradual integration in society and in place of residence (marginalized village). Special emphasis is placed upon crucial moments like emergence of the distinction between Romanians and Roma in the eyes of majority of the society. Positive as well as negative influences upon the integration are discussed. The paper shows empirical evidence which is in some aspects contradictory to findings about integration of foreigners in the Czechia as presented by Tollarova (2006). The paper concludes with some consideration about future development of the community.
PL
Punktem wyjścia prowadzonego w tym artykule wywodu jest teza o istniejących między Polską a Portugalią podobieństwach z zakresu zagadnień migracyjnych. W pierwszym rzędzie, celem wykazania owych podobieństw, autorka prześledziła historię Portugalii z perspektywy migracyjnej od czasów wielkich odkryć geograficznych. Jednocześnie wybrane portugalskie doświadczenia odniesiono do sytuacji Polski w omawianym zakresie. Następnie przybliżono wdrożone w Portugalii określone rozwiązania o charakterze politycznym, które wpisują się w ramy – wysuwanych przez Rafała Matyję, Annę Siewierską-Chmaj i Konrada Pędziwiatra – poszczególnych postulatów zasadniczych wytycznych polskiej doktryny imigracyjnej. A wspomnianymi postulatami są: po pierwsze, udzielanie ochrony uchodźcom; po drugie, działanie na rzecz szeroko pojmowanej repatriacji; po trzecie, otwarcie na migrantów z Europy, a także z innych zbliżonych do niej pod względem kulturowym obszarów i dostrzeżenie w nich potencjalnych współobywateli oraz po czwarte, przedsiębranie działań mających na celu sprowadzenie do Polski wysoko wykwalifikowanych obcokrajowców.
EN
The thesis that there is a resemblance between Poland and Portugal in the field of migration issues is serving as a starting point for this article. First of all, the author looks at the history of Portugal since the Age of Exploration from a migration perspective. At the same time, the chosen events of Portuguese history refer to the situation of Poland within the scope of this article. Then, the author describes specific political solutions implemented in Portugal, which are compatible with a suggestion for the fundamental guidelines on the Polish immigration doctrine put forward by Rafał Matyja, Anna Siewierska-Chmaj, and Konrad Pędziwiatr. Those guideposts are: firstly; protection for refugees, secondly; working for broadly understood repatriation, thirdly; being open to migrants from Europe, as well as from other culturally similar areas and identifying them as potential fellow citizens, fourthly; undertaking a task aimed at bringing highly qualified foreigners to Poland.
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