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1

Uncertainty and the demand for redistribution in Hungary

100%
Molnar G., Kapitany Z.
Kozgazdasagi Szemle (Economic Review)
|
2007
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vol. 54
|
issue 3
201-232
EN
The main objective determinants of demand for redistribution are labour-market participation, education, family structure (to some extent), and income mobility. Demand from people of low education and living on the border between activity and inactivity - the unemployed, disability pensioners, casual workers, and people living on benefits - is higher than from others, irrespective of income level. Redistribution is favoured to a less than average extent by entrepreneurs, managers and chief executives. Long-term downwardly mobile people favour income redistribution more than others, but long-term upward mobility does not decrease demand and may even increase it. The authors analyse systematic differences between factual relative and subjective income mobility. This mobility perception difference shows that perceived, not actual relative income position is the strong determinant. Underestimation of relative income position can be an important cause of high demand. A very low proportion of people are strongly opposed to redistribution. Those dissatisfied are more favourably inclined. Labour-market expectations are crucial influences on demand; the greater the employment anxiety, the greater the support for redistribution. The same applies to belief that inequalities are increasing. The most frustrated are the indecisive, with no clear idea of their future, and they are the most averse to the rich. It emerges that perception of income mobility is state-dependent and influenced mostly by uncertainty. The main policy conclusion is that reducing uncertainty on the labour market and raising educational attainment may be the most efficient government tools for lowering demand for redistribution, rather than directly increasing income.
2

Mobility, uncertainty and subjective welfare in Hungary.

100%
Molnar G., Kapitany Z.
Kozgazdasagi Szemle (Economic Review)
|
2006
|
vol. 53
|
issue 10
845-872
EN
One of the decisive factors behind satisfaction (subjective welfare) is income mobility. Individuals usually judge change in their income position in terms of change in relative position, not in level of income. So the study analyses in the main the effect on satisfaction exerted in Hungary by objective and subjective indices of relative income mobility, in the 2000-2002 period, when the rate of growth in real incomes was exceptionally high. The findings confirm that in upwardly mobile families with increasing incomes in the period examined, the rise in relative income position did not bring added satisfaction: those whose relative position had improved were less satisfied than their attained income level would warrant. This situation pertains primarily because of uncertainty about the objective variables, when those whose incomes are rising do not expect the positive trends to persist. Those in a marginal labour market situation are more dissatisfied than others, regardless of their income, and this dissatisfaction may spread to family members in a different position. This combined sphere makes up almost a third of Hungary's population. Negative labour-market expectations are likewise factors that reduce satisfaction.
3

Measuring income mobility

100%
Otto W.
Przegląd Statystyczny
|
2005
|
vol. 52
|
issue 1
5-35
EN
The paper contains a proposal of the mixed approach to the multivariate distribution of incomes of a member of a population over multiple time periods. Research works in this area are based on panel data.Traditional parametric approach based on econometric models assumes usually that logincomes of an individual (or incomes transformed by some other simple function) follow the multivariate normal distribution, which means that in fact all information on dependency between incomes in subsequent years is contained in the respective correlation matrix. Consequently, any conclusions about trends in short term mobility, possible linear time-series model linking logincomes in subsequent years (with possible interpretation in terms of permanent positions and transitory migrations of individuals in the income hierarchy) etc. are derivable from this matrix. The proposal of the mixed approach comes from the simple remark, that essential properties of the above model (and its various generalizations) enabling interesting interpretations are in fact properties of the Gaussian copula, whereas assumptions on marginal distributions (as lognormality for instance) are irrelevant in this respect. The standard operation of 'normalizing' the original income figure D(t) by taking logarithm can be treated as a special case of the general transformation (resp. equation given). Three, the most important aspects of this approach are analysed: (1) Provided the marginal cumulative distribution functions of income are known, we can compare the Van der Waerden rank correlation sample coefficient with the standard sample correlation coefficient, treating both of them as alternative estimators of the true coefficient of the parameter of continuous version of the copula; (2) Properties of the Van der Waerden and related Fisher- Yates coefficients applied to groupped data are analysed. Grouping of individuals into quantiles (deciles, quintiles) of marginal distributions are of special attention, as it produces empirical 'transition matrices' that are a usual basis for a traditional fully non-parametric approach to income mobility. Interesting new interpretation of the second-largest eigenvalue of the transition matrix (a well known 'ad hoc' mobility measure) is derived. The interpretation is based on treating the normalized 'transition matrix' as the discretised version of the Gaussian copula density. The second largest eigenvalue of this matrix appears to be just the approximation of the parameter of continuous version of the copula; (3) Practical result of the proposal (being due to flexibility of rank correlation coefficients in respect of treatment of 'tied observations'), is a possibility to integrate two aspects of mobility (separately treated until now) in one mobility measure: migrations inside the sub-group of individuals reporting positive incomes and migrations in and out of zero-income group. Being a by-product of more sophisticated technicalities of the proposal, this result is of major importance for practical applications, as a typical motivation for research on income mobility is poverty.
4

ÚROVEŇ A MOBILITA PŘÍJMŮ ČESKÝCH DOMÁCNOSTÍ

88%
Zdeněk R., Losová J.
Ekonomický časopis (Journal of Economics)
|
2014
|
vol. 62
|
issue 10
997 – 1016
EN
The paper deals with income of Czech households and their mutual differences in income among municipality types. The data in the appropriate classification were taken from the SILC sample of 2007 till 2010. Net annual monetary household income in CZK equalized by the number of consumer units as defined by the EUROSTAT was selected as the income measure. Regarding the income level, a significant difference was found between the capital city and other municipalities each year. Head count ratio oscillates around 6% and poverty gap ratio around 20%. The probability of escaping from the group with the lowest incomes grows from 42% in two year period to 80% in four year period. Permanent poor households consist mainly of unemployed and retired. These households are characterized by lower education and three quarters of their income depended on social income. Possibilities of increase of income were limited especially for households of retired people.
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