Defying the pessimistic vision heralding the end of the cinema, culture and art, the author points to the Internet as a new manner in which man communes with art, both as its vehicle and a medium of presentation. He writes about such multimedia projects as Peter Greenaway's giant Tulse Luper Suitcasses but first of all focuses on animation that has dominated film production on the Internet. The U.S. projects discussed by author are animated series for adults ('Mr. Wong' and 'Queer Duck') or political satires ('This Land' by Gregg and Evan Spiridellis, Jason Windsor's 'The End of the World'). Author points out that Russia is also an active centre of satire. Mariusz Wilczynski is one of Polish animated film artists.
Internet has many names. Each of them emphasizes a different aspect of its nature. When you limit your attention to only two of them, you can think about Internet as a tool of research or as an object of it. As a tool, Internet is useful for the distribution of questionnaires, and as a space for experiments and observation (participant or not). As an object of research its structure, resources or users (the Internauts) can be analyzed. The study of Internet users may focus on their demographic, psychological or social features, though one can also research varied kinds of pathologies, cyber-identity, marginalization, or internauts' behavior in the net or in cyber-societies. All above-mentioned research areas are only examples. There is really huge number of ways in which you can research the Net using the Net. In the Networked Society there is never too much of Net.
1. Purpose The purpose of the article is reviewing and assessing the role of the Internet as a medium for digital information exchange, also enabling individuals to publish their own content and to express private opinions in a public domain. 2. Methodology The research approach and methodology are based on the assumption that the popular tendency to assure universal access to the Internet should also be accompanied by diversified activities for propagating a practical utilization of the Internet (among others, for valuable ideas, innovation and knowledge dissemination). 3. Research limitations/implications Based on completed survey results and a comparative analysis of selected data one can conclude that contemporary communication media influence various aspects of public life more and more vividly, including the building process of a civil society. Despite the tiny respondent group, which should be considered as a research limitation, the survey results demonstrate that growing web accessibility and digital competencies can and should lead to the quality improvement of public debate (although the television seems to remain the main political and social medium in Poland so far). Moreover, a complete and conscious participation in the modern socio-cultural life will be more and more complicated without developed digital capabilities, so the prevention of technological exclusion is crucial for the society as a whole. 4. Originality/value The value of the article stems from emphasizing the importance of the development of digital capabilities and competencies in the building process of a civil society. It seems that this vital objective should be accomplished by large-scale educational activities initiated by diverse actors like family, different educational institutions and public sector organizations.
The birth of the Internet was a revolution not only in communications and information flow; the revolutionary technical capabilities of the Internet meant also the beginning of electronic trade open to entrepreneurs from all over the world. Via various Internet auction sites, the contemporary art sellers and buyers have almost unlimited access to auction quotations and economic analyses concerning trade in works of art. Through e-shops, e-galleries, e-antiquity shops and e-auction houses the web users can also buy, sell, pawn and lease works of art. Noticing the growing popularity of e-commerce, traditional auction houses, including such universal potentates as Christie's and Sotheby's, have established their own Internet auction sites and began to organise e-auctions of works of art. It turned out relatively soon, however, that the clientele of auction houses was none too willing to purchase their works of art online. On the other hand, interest grew in online trade in inexpensive artistic objects, mostly works of decorative art and graphic art. In the recent period the art market in Poland underwent significant transformations. As a result of changes in the economic system, by the late 1980's and early 1990's the state agency of art trade (DESA) lost its monopoly. Private antiquarian companies sprang up very fast; some of them began trading in entire Poland. Those companies, which are in fierce competition, keep searching for new ways of development and new methods of promoting their merchandise. The Internet is used increasingly frequently as important advertising space and source of commercial information; some Polish auction houses, galleries and antiquity shops also trade in works of art via the Internet. Among Polish traditional auction houses, Agra-Art S.A. is the pioneer of Internet auctions: in 2005 the web-based transactions constituted ca. 10% of its turnover. Nevertheless, the prices of objects sold in this manner rarely exceeded a few thousand Polish zlotys. The Internet and new information and communication technologies are today an important element of art market. Nevertheless, the assumption that in the future e-commerce would replace the traditional forms of trade in works of art seems to be unfounded. Despite the increasing quality of computer software, and consequently the improvement of image transmission, buying works of art (especially highly valuable works of antique art) entirely on-line still carries serious risk of becoming a victim of fraudulent practices or of a simple mistake. Also of import is the fact that connoisseurship and passion for collecting works of art to a large extent stem from fascination with the actual work of art and pleasure derived from the direct contact with it; this cannot be replaced by even the most expertly made image.
Court of Conciliation for Internet Domains at Polish Chamber of Information Technology and Telecommunications is one of the three Conciliation Courts referred to in NASK (Polish domain name registrar) regulations. Legal acts quoted most often by the prosecutors are business property act, competition and consumer protection act and civil code regulations. Decisions of the Court provide interesting reflection on the scope of applicability of registered trademark, right to protect the reputation and brand. There are also disadvantages of the Court activity, e.g. large scope of anonymity or vague role of the arbiters acting as the party representative to the Court. Still, Court's output plays an important role in defining practical and doctrinal foundations of the IT law.
The article introduces the joint project of Latvian art history on the Internet. Its motivation is derived from the fact that no comprehensive and properly illustrated information on Latvian art is available on the Internet, although it is the most effective means of transmitting information. Also information in English on the subject is very incomplete and narrow in printed sources as well. The concept of art history in this project is based on the art-historical canon. 'Canon' should not be conceived only in the axiological sense as a selection and presentation of the highest artistic values but also as the display of artefacts typical of a particular period. The issue of exposition is also important - balancing the information intended for specialists and that which is aimed at a wider public, as well as combining the textual part with a visually attractive presentation of images.
The article focuses on the problems concerning digital divide in it’s both traditional and enlarged definitions, the latter including new aspects of the Web 2.0 tools. The author concentrates on inequalities in the ICT accessibility, and the skills of its effective and interactive application in everyday usage of information resources, co-developed by the Internet users.
Since the end of the 1990s literary lexicography has been undergoing a transformation brought on by the advent of the new digital media, in particular the Internet. The author argues that a fundamental shift has taken place particularly in the role played by the choice of headwords in the construction of a lexicographical work. The digital dictionary is not made ‘from the top down’ by filling in a pre-determined framework. Rather, it is an open, gradually growing structure, whose coordinates are previously unknown to the authors of the dictionary. Another completely new aspect is the position of the user of the digital dictionary, who is offered a number of choices by the interactive interface, which are impossible with a paper dictionary. The user thus becomes the co ‑author of the final organization of the dictionary. The transformation of literary lexicography is part of the cultural process of remediation, which entails a change in the symbolic forms of the expression of culture. The database, not the narrative, is now the fundamental form. An internet dictionary may therefore also be perceived as an alternative to the traditional narrative of literary history.
The author describes the abuse of domain names from the point of view of the law against unfair competition. In individual chapters, the author gradually analyses the legal responsibility for unfair abuse of domains and defines passively legitimate subjects. The author also provides the individual reasons why domain name disputes arise. Finally, the author made a legal analysis of the general clause of unfair competition from the point of view of application specificities in the Internet environment and detailed the possibilities of application of special cases of unfair competition. When examining the issue in question, the author relied, above all, on the decision-making practice of the courts and the conclusions of the existing, albeit not too numerous, legal doctrine.
The aim of the present investigations was to answer the questions of (a) whether and in the sphere of what family factors there are differences between secondary school girls using and not using Internet pornography and (b) whether and what kind of relations obtain between the dimensions of Internet addiction and family factors in a group of girls using Internet pornography. Material: The participants were 186 secondary school girls aged 16-19 years. Methods: The study was conducted using Young's Internet Addiction Test (IAT) for assessing the severity of Internet addiction, and the following instruments by Pawlowska and Potembska: the Internet Addiction Assessment Questionnaire, the Disturbed Family Relations Questionnaire, and a Personal Inquiry Form. The Internet Addiction Assessment Questionnaire consisted of five scales, I. Acceptance, II. Games-Need for Aggression and Power, III. Computer Addiction, IV. Internet Addiction, and V. Pornography. The Disturbed Family Relations Questionnaire was made up of scales for I. Violence, II. Overprotectiveness, III. Coalition with the Mother, IV. Lack of Acceptance-Rejection, and V. Indifference. Results and conclusions: On the basis of the obtained results, the following conclusions were formulated: 1. The girls who used Internet pornography, more often than the girls who did not use it, had experienced violence and rejection in the family, and had taken over the role of guardians in their relationships with their mothers. 2. Increased symptoms of addiction to the Internet, aggressive computer games, and Internet pornography, as well as the search for acceptance and understanding from people contacted online co-occured with violence, rejection, and indifference experienced in the family, assumption by the child of the role of guardian and protector of the mother, and fear of adulthood.
The authoress describes dynamic development of e-press, and its influence on the print journals' market. She presents surveys concerning the future of both traditional and electronic press. The results indicate, that neither multimedia nor the Internet would threaten paper press soon.
The subject of this paper is an analysis of Internet tabloids ― popular celebrity news websites and also an attempt at classification of this genre. Basing on this description we want to reveal typical tabloid elements in this kind of websites and show how they affect linguistic contents. Celebrity news websites create tabloid, simplified reality, based on good-bad dichotomy. Information is treated as a product, passed on in packed-up form. Sensational and emotional contents of these news together with the possibility of reacting to them play general role in language form of this kinds of texts. Colloquial vocabulary, unambiguous headlines, conventional metaphors and numerous subjective epithets are being used not only to intensify expression, but above all also to minimize the distance between the author and potential reader.
The amateur photographer used to be defined as a photography enthusiast or a "photographer of everyday life". Since the 19th century, he has liked to join photo clubs, where he improves his technical skills. Has his position changed fundamentally in the 20th and 21st century? What impact does the growth of the Internet and smartphones have on the amateur photography? And how has the world of art responded to the increase of number as well as visibility of amateur photographs? In our contribution, we will also look at erasing boundaries between amateur, professional and artistic photography through concrete examples.
This article discusses international law mechanisms for dealing with electronic threats generated from the territory of one state and directed against a foreign sovereign. It analyses the possibility to recognize a cyber-attack as an act of international aggression and shows existing difficulties at the present state of the international debate. It then turns to the traditional notion of state responsibility for lack of due diligence as a source of state's responsibility for cyber-attacks. Such due diligence should be guaranteed through sufficient criminal law regulations that are properly executed in order to effectively prevent and prosecute electronic attacks. In this context the article posits that an international debate is required with the aim of establishing international guidelines. The results of such a debate should than allow for the harmonization of national criminal law regulations. Although the authoress points to the need for an international debate on the system for protection against cyber-attacks on states' key electronic infrastructure, she also emphasizes already existing international obligations for states to take responsibility for attacks conducted from their territory.
E-government becomes an important element of the emerging e societies. There is a great diversity of strategies, policies and results related to its introduction. Educational and cultural conditions and possibilities are vital because they generate - or not - interests in ICTs and their various applications. So capacity building for e-government is a complex process, not limited to introduction of technological and organizational actions. Moreover e-government is costly and will require soon not only social but also economic evaluation. These issues are explored in an illustrative case study of e-services in Poland.
Social media are becoming increasingly important tools of political communication which makes them the subject-matter of study of political sciences – not only in borderline disciplines such as political marketing or political communication, but also in political sciences and international relations. Existing expert publications mainly focus on surveying traditional media and usually do not reflect the reality of the continuously growing influence of social media; however, they tend to pay attention predominantly to the distinctiveness of the media space. The purpose of the article is to contribute to the discussion about methodology distinctions and even counter positions of such surveys through comparison with methods of surveying traditional media. Every contemporary researcher must cope with the largest amount of – relatively easily available – sources in the history of mankind. Online environment is characterised by high degree of innovativeness related to the process of continuous transformation; compared to traditional media, the content of social media is unstable and it is necessary to put much higher demands on the context of online contents and relevancy of information sources. The study points out methodology risks that should be reflected mainly in the preparatory stage of surveys, e.g. when determining the selection sample, construction of categories of the content, or media, which are to be surveyed, as well as the setting of coding system. Due to the abundance of various content types, it is getting increasingly difficult to distinguish the relevant from the trivial. It requires much more intensive preparation of the researcher who must be aware of different environments and understand the methodology of differences surveyed by the study.
The aim of this article is to underline the influence of electronic communication on air transport. To narrow the scope of the research, the role of online communication in the communicative performance of some Polish airports will be studied in greater detail. The Author concentrates on websites, blogs and social services to show their role in informing passengers about bad weather conditions.
The goal of the paper is to map the Czech-Slovak community in the field of contemporary fan fiction inspired by the Harry Potter series written by J. K. Rowling as a follow-up to the tradition of research into the Czech-Slovak literary and cultural relations. It is built on the conception of a „peculiar literary community“ of the Czechs and the Slovaks formulated by Dionýz Ďurišin. What is then analysed is the space of Czech-Slovak websites administered by so-called fans for fans. The activities of the Czech-Slovak community in the field of fan fiction cannot be summarized easily due to several reasons including the fact that the relations within the community are continuously developing and changing. The existence of the Czech-Slovak literary community mainly influenced by nostalgia and personal mind sets of individual debaters is seemingly dominated by disruptive moments strongly motivated by rivalry between the two nations. That is mostly reflected in the debates about the Czech or Slovak translations of the original text. However, it is necessary to note that the community (so-called fandom) sees itself as Czech-Slovak and the most-visited websites are declared to be Czech-Slovak, too. Regardless of the most noticeable manifestations of non-togetherness, the fact that the common Czech-Slovak space exists, what´s more spontaneously, without any ideological prompting, and provides place for linguistic debates, actually gives witness to strong cultural togetherness. The paper does not only attempt to follow in the research tradition but also to shift the focus that has so far been given to high literature to popular literature and culture, which is the area where the Czech-Slovak community currently seems to be most active.
This study presents results of exploration study on the specific features involved in the process of unintentional meeting partners via Internet in Serbia. The research was conducted using the method of focus groups, consisting of 28 people, who have had personal experience of meeting and communicating with their partners online, and successful continuing of the relationship in the offline world. They perceive more advantages than disadvantages in using the Internet as a means of communication with other people, assessing online space as a suitable environment for communication in which emotional intimacy can be achieved, despite the absence of social cues.
Gradual transition to the Fourth Industrial Revolution causes the emergence of new business forms. The article discusses the features of the Fourth Industrial Revolution as the driving force of the world economy and the economy of Ukraine. Possible directions of business development for the Ukrainian businessmen are offered Based on the assessment of the main trends of the world economic system development. After all, they most effectively adapt to changing conditions, being able to maneuver in the market. Analysis of small business features allowed to highlight the benefits of doing business in Europe, its disadvantages in Ukraine. Thus, according the survey results it can be stated on the formation of positive trends in the field of business development in Ukraine, in particular, the formation of an infrastructure of entrepreneurship support and development, simplification of registration procedures, improvement of relations with regulatory authorities and so on.
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