According to psychological and social theories self-defining of both individual and communitarian identity is a comparison itself to the Other in terms of binaristic representation. In general sense the fantastic is a realm of otherness (the Aliens, non-human races, 'uncanny'). A shape of the Others is connected to the colonial practices: in the decolonisation wake it turned out that there are no indigenous people on the Earth. Due to this fact the fantastic finds its Others in the outer space, and then - according to globalization process - in the very close neighborhood. The process of transgression taking place during die conflicts causes the fact that in such circumstances the Others tend to percolate into 'our' realm and destroy actual social and cultural order. Figure of the Other is a vehicle of these transgression. The fantastic literature has always been interested in fictional representing of processes of transgression and hybridisation. Fantasy is a genre focused on the literary describing national and ethnic conflicts and, especially recently, their specular image which is multiculturalism. In Andrzej Sapkowski's 'Saga of the Wizard' all main issues of contemporary ethnic / racial discourse appear as racism, ethnonationalism, issues of individual and communitarian identity, processes of representation, racialisation and delegation of voice, problems of racial, ethnic end cultural hybridity and, last but not least, project of multiculturalism disseminated in the flame of political correctness. Contrary to what is thought when considering fantasy the operative category in literary analysis is neither fairy tale nor myth, but allegory (ethnos issue instead mythos ones). Among many aspects of hybridity in Sapkowski's work examined a figure of the shaman, which superseded the typical myth hero of fantasy (this process is a heritage of American contrculture in the 60s in fantasy).
The article studies originality and regularities of the functioning of intertex in the novel of G. Pagutyak Clerk of West Gate of Shelter in connection with the problems of the motif–image system.
This article is an excerpt from the author’s Ph.D. dissertation ‘Karel Sabina epigon a tvůrce’ (Sabina as Original Writer and Imitator; Prague, 2007), which is concerned mainly with the belles-lettres of the poet, dramatist/librettist, novelist, and journalist Karel Sabina (1813–1877). The dissertation combines approaches from literary history, biography, and textual criticism, but its core approach is a detailed interpretation of his individual works, focusing on intertextuality, for example, Sabina’s essay on Karel Hynek Mácha (1810–1836) and Romantic motifs. The extract published here concerns two distinct areas of Sabina’s historical fiction: semi‑historical fiction from 1837–44 (Hrobník, Msta, Obrazy ze XIV. a XV. věku, and Čech), with an ostentatiously ahistorical treatment in the spirit of the melodramaticity of the gothic novel and earlier popular literature, and Sabina’s historical fiction from the 1860s (in particular, Hyacint), which helped to establish this kind of work in modern Czech belles-lettres, and also his adventure literature (Ruesswurm), anticipating some later forms as well. In the first type of writing the article considers Sabina’s remarkable tendency to run down eminent figures of Bohemian history, which in Obrazy is a treatment typical of the popular 1541 chronicle of Václav Hájek z L ibočan, and in Čech, using Jan František Beckovský’s 1700 version of the same chronicle. This tendency in the early Sabina was suppressed by the censor and condemned by people in the arts, like Karel Havlíček Borovský (1821–1856) and later critics as well, but it did not prevent these works from achieving popularity amongst contemporaneous readers. In Sabina’s historical fiction at its height the tendency appears to be the most remarkable approach to writing, aiming to unify fact and fiction in belles-lettres. The article also aims to contribute to the assessment of the value of these works and to provide new findings in textual criticism of the works of Sabina and Mácha.
The starting point of the study is an interpretation of the novelette written by Pavel Vilikovsky: 'Vecne je zeleny..' (Everlastingly Green...), published in 1989. Except of the revealing of the inner structure of the book the author tries to show connection with several stages of development in the Slovak literature. The prose of Vilikovsky was written in the first half of 70s, about 15 years before its publishing, and a part of its semantic potential relates to that period of time. The book was also inspirational in a new literary situation after 1989. The author could confront the reading and interpretation through operative probes of the history of literature with some other controversial configurations of the Slovak literary development (60s -70s – 90s). The study is a reflection of wide scale of genres appeared in the novelette of Vilikovsky. They are united by the ironic modality as direct intertextual ways-out of the publication. The historical events (affair of a colonel Redl) as well as their literary realisations (reportages of E. E. Kisch) are parts of the book. Vilikovsky's 'transcription' is not a polemic with some interpretations of the character and stories flowing to us in the stream of the historical events but he polemizes with the historicity as a principle and contemporary praxis. The novelette is also a concrete reaction to the revitalisation of historicity in the second half of 60s representing in the literature by the nationally oriented essayistic works of Vladimir Minac. Coming out from the analysis of the novelette 'Vecne je zeleny...' the author characterises the book as an example of a flexibly transitive structure maintaining its semantic productiveness in the various and sometimes even the controversial receptive situations.
An article that moves from a survey of the occurrence of dedications in the works of Miroslav Cervenka (in the anthology 'Strojopisna trilogie', but also in academic articles) to an interpretation of poems dedicated to, among others, Josef Seifert, Jiri Kolar, and Karel Siktanc, and another survey of other manifestations of intertextuality and references to the extra-textual world and the life of Cervenka (in epigraphs, titles, subtitles, and verse) in these works.
The aim of the present paper is to study the influence of Gulliver’s Travels on Jorge Luis Borges’ works. It concentrates specifically on the third and fourth travels, which Borges considered as the most interesting. In the interpretation of a 20th-century writer, Swift’s satire becomes a pretext to express anxiety concerning the human nature and the destiny of our civilization, and to develop a series of thoughts on sciences and philosophy.
Intertextuality is a fundamental phenomenon of literary history and a basic component of the literature of the post-modern age; as such, it occupies a central position in today's literary criticism and theory. The present paper aims to help teachers of Hungarian literature who are interested in the topic and who would like to guide their students in the world of present-day fiction by proposing two theoretical approaches to the concept and phenomenon (involving the types of intertextuality and intertextuality in the post-modern age). Then, the author presents intertextuality as an organising principle in the poem Uj magyar Messiasok [New Hungarian Messiahs] by Andras Ferenc Kovacs, discussing it from the point of view of teachability and providing possible guidelines for its concrete adaptation for teaching purposes.
The article presents a few motifs related to the poetic dialogue between Tadeusz Rózewicz and Adam Czerniawski. The reflection concerns, among other things, the issue of references - i.e. mutual poetic portraits; how Czerniawski's translations affected the meaning-modifying corrections made by Rózewicz in his lyric 'Drzwi' (Door); and, the dialogicality of autothematic issues embarked on by the two poets, related to the essence of poetry and the ethos of poet. The following poems are subject to analysis: Rózewicz's 'Francis Bacon czyli Diego Velázquez na fotelu dentystycznym' (Francis Bacon or Diego Velázquez in a dentist's chair) ***; 'Drzwi' (Door); ***; 'na poczatku jest slowo' (at the beginning there is word); 'na obrzezach poezji' (in the peripheries of poetry); and, Czerniawski's 'Tak to jest specjalista' (Yes that's an expert), and 'Tajemnica poezji' (The secret of poetry). Adam Czerniawski has translated Rózewicz's poems and plays into English. A poet and critic, he is a friend of Rózewicz's.
The analysis shows how various key motifs of Attila Jozsef's love poetry are represented in this poem of 1937, including transparency, the contrast between 'up' and 'down', 'the outside' and 'the inside' (or, 'eye' vs. 'heart': the external vs. the internal world) and, in general, macro-world and micro-world, as well as reference to music (here: singing, reverberation) and counterpoint. The paper discusses the form and regularity of parallel reference to first vs. second person (the poet and his love), intertextual references to fairy tales and folk poetry, the plane of associations and the parallel structures of the sentences, as well as the palatovelar orchestration and rhythm of the poem.
The authoress interprets Marcin Swietlicki's poem 'Dla Jana Polkowskiego' (For Jan Polkowski) through the prism of a now -forgotten, previously published piece by Slawomir Matusz titled 'Nie podaje nikomu reki' (I'm not shaking hands with anyone). Shared motifs if both texts are considered and the history of the relationship between the two poets is traced.
The research interprets the textual references of 'Pharsalia' based on the presupposition that the epic aims to emulate and reinterpret (in an anti-Virgilian and anti-Ovidian way) Virgil's 'Aeneid' (sometimes even 'Georgics' and his eclogues) and Ovid (especially 'Metamorphoses'). Allusions can be revealed on higher structural and lexical levels of the poem. The allusions of the first section can draw attention to 'Aeneid's' prologue by being placed in the book of 'Pharsalia' of the same number. The prologues themselves can also refer to other texts and raise the question whether the poet wanted to refer to only one of the prologues or both, and if yes, what kind of correspondence of the two prologues he perceived. The paper reveals and comments the allusions of Virgil in 'Pharsalia' 9, 1 - 108, with other supposed archetypes involved in the survey.
Greek Cypriot folk songs belong to the Greek world’s artistic expression. Among them, the religious songs may be highlighted because of their cultural interest. Certainly, the different versions of Saint Lazarus’ song narrate the complete tale of this saint that is, what is said in the canonical text and what has been traditionally transmitted in Cyprus. They are related to the Holy Bible and contain diverse cultural elements. Thus, here the intertextuality between the referred texts and the cultural elements are studied. On the one hand, the poems are directly connected with the Book of Psalms, the Gospels and the Apocalypse. Different biblical events and characters (i.e. Lazarus of Bethany, Marta, Maria, Thomas the Apostle, Jesus, King David, Adam, the Virgin Mary and Saint Michael Archangel) can be identified, although there are differences between the source texts and the poems. On the other hand, the fact that the poem’s versions were originated in different Cypriot geographical points have several significances.We can distinguish references to other traditions and texts thanks to the used vocabulary in the poems. Consequently, we observe the meanings of Saint Lazarus’ song for the Greek Cypriot culture.
The aim of the present paper is to compare and discuss translations of cultural references to Polish culture texts in Wisława Szymborska’s poem into four languages: English, French, German and Italian. The analysis encompasses intertextual elements from various culture texts, e.g. poems, legends, folk songs, which are explicitly given in poems. The strategies adopted in all versions are compared and evaluated with a view to determining similarities and differences as well as the factors which conditioned the choice of the strategy. Special attention is paid to lacunary connotations evoked by the references at issue.
The article analyzes intertextuality and selected related topics, such as communicative perspective and reference to the subjects of the speaker and the addressee, in the early child speech. It describes the analyzed phenomena at three different stages (when the child is one, two, and three years old) and tries to capture their specificity and basic developmental tendencies. At the beginning, the child refers mainly to the utterances of his communicative partner, with repetition playing an important role. Later, the communication becomes less context-bound and the child slowly acquires parts of various “culturally grounded” texts and norms of different “genres” and begins to exhibit the ability to use them creatively for various purposes. The analysis is based on the long-term observation of everyday communication between the child and its caregiver (mother). The communication was regularly recorded on video and the recordings were then transcribed and analyzed using a combination of linguistic methods – in the case of intertextuality, the analysis concentrates on content and formal cues that indicate the child’s (usually tacit) knowledge of various types of intertextuality.
In this article I will look at the phenomenon of intertextuality in the 19th-century contracts from the notary office of Józef Kalasanty Szaniawski in Łukow. The repertory of the files shows that acts of respect and permission to marry were often practiced activities at that time. In the years 1810–1811 in the firm registered a total of 63 units (33 acts of respect and 30 acts of permission).Number of the notarial documents is similar because of the reciprocity and bidirectional designated activities. In both types of contracts we find many signs of bilateral relations textual references in the form of structural and pragmatic interactions and communication. The article indicates them, describes and presents the conditions and functions of intertextual references.
This article focuses on the ways in which intertextual references influence the narration in Ihara Saikaku's 'Koshoku gonin onna' (Five Amorous Women). The author chooses two classical texts, i.e. 'Ise Monogatari' (The Tales of Ise) and Yoshida Kenko's 'Tsurezuregusa' (Essays in Idleness) to illustrate the range of purposes the literary allusions in 'Five Amorous Women' serve. The distinction is made between the purely stylistic use of quotations from 'Tsurezuregusa', which involve neither playing with the source text nor a change in the meaning of Saikaku's narrative, and the parodic use of 'Ise monogatari' evoked mainly to bring humour into the stories. The important difference in the tone used while referring to the two classical works is also emphasised.
This paper applies the methods of text linguistics to analyse the linguistic, cognitive, and affective features of dialogue as an intertextual text type. According to current research, intertextuality is not only a basic component of post-modern literature but also an organising principle in dramatic conversations. This disquisition takes the most important elements of intertextuality into consideration and illustrates them by dialogues from contemporary Hungarian drama. The most frequent of those elements are (1) figures based on detraction: contextual or situational ellipsis and aposiopesis; (2) topic change or topic shift; and (3) direct vs. indirect speech and narrative. These factors, together with explicit and implicit references, create the intertextual cohesion of dialogue as conversation between different texts or text types
The goal of the paper is to demonstrate the postmodern nature of Dušan Dušek´s collection of short stories named Ponožky pred odletom /Socks before Taking off/. The literary critical analysis of the collection has support by scientific basis in literary scientific works written by Tibor Žilka, who is the one among the other Slovak authors that has described the area of research in most detail. The scientific study shows that the latest book by Dušan Dušek implements currently the features of a postmodern text and can be classified by Tibor Žilka´s standards as the palimpsest type of prose. The central characteristic of Postmodernism as well as Dušek´s collection becomes intertextual connection achieved by intertextuality and meta-textuality. The short stories include a number of quotations from folklore, newspapers and books by well-known writers as well as family members. The individual quotes are not excluded sentences and form its inseparable part due to the fact that they complement the narrator´s (author´s) thoughts and memories. The other type of intertextual connection employed by the author and proving the postmodern nature of the short proses is meta-textuality effectively used in various ways, in particular: by commenting on the literary text itself, by putting a character in the text, or by quoting the writer´s own literary texts published earlier. The contribution of the paper can be seen in repeatedly showing and highlighting the characteristic of Postmodernism, i.e. intertextual connection and its practical application to the collection mentioned above.
The article analyses the function of intra- and intertextual references in Ivana Dobrakovová’s first book “Prvá smrť v rodine” (First death in the family, 2009), taking the principle of disintegration as the basic principle of Dobrakovová’s writing. As a result of author’s intra-textual work, the texts transgress the genre of short story and foreground the mono-perspectival narrative consciousness. This in turn leads to a pronounced relativisation of the position of the narrative category of character and to situationally constituted narrative forms as related to the “theme-problem” horizon of the work. Intertextual work, on the other hand, contaminates the mono-perspectival narrative consciousness and in this way disqualifies it. The principle of disintegration leads to an accentuation of the presence of the implied author which in turn makes the text seems more autobiographical. The figure of the implied author (which can never be identified with the empirical writer) is aesthetically productive: although it is fully governed by the poetics of the text, it also allows the readers to evoke the empirical author. The poetics thus creates conditions for ambivalence – the analysed texts can be read both as a fiction and as an autobiography.
The research on the relationship between antepreterite (AnteP) and text focuses on the following questions: (a) To what extent is an antepreterite a living form in Slovak? (b) Does antepreterite function as a grapheme with a temporal function or is it a stylistic variant of the preterite (past tense)? (c) How do the functions of antepreterite correlate with the oral/written realization of the text and its stylistic differentiation (scientific/ journalistic style)? The research is carried out on the extensive material of the corresponding sub-corpora of the Slovak National Corpus and the Slovak Spoken Corpus. The results can be summarized as follows: (a) AnteP is a marginal form, its frequency in the written text has significantly decreased since the mid-1990s; in orally realized communication, its speakers are mainly in the 70-90 age range. At the same time, however, it is a living form in some specific functions: in spoken text, as a means of social and personal deixis, it characterizes a person using what he or she has had. In memoir narrative, it signals the experience of spatial, temporal, and generational distance. In the scientific style, the AnteP of communicative verbs dominates. It specifically functions as a means of intertextuality. In the 1st person singular (as I had told/ako som bol povedal; as I had written/ako som bol napísal) it refers to a communicative act from the quite recent past. From a temporal identifier, it becomes a pragmatic comment. In the journalistic style, the rate of representation of AnteP is the lowest, but the rate of innovation of its form and function is the highest. Antepreterite is most prominent in journalistic texts as a stylistic variant of preterite and a part of the individual personal style of an author.
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