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THE LONG-TERM CREDIT OF THE STATE AGRICULTURE BANK - LETTERS OF PLEDGE AND MALIORATION DEBENTURES (Kredyt dlugoterminowy Panstwowego Banku Rolnego w listach zastawnych i obligacjach melioracyjnych w Polsce miedzywojennej)

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Klusek M.

Klio. Czasopismo poświęcone dziejom Polski i powszechnym

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2010

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issue 1(14)

109-146

EN

One of the most important tasks of the State Agriculture Bank was to offer the so-called long-term amortized credits 1) to buy land originated from the breaking-up of estates conducted by both: private owners and social organizations, 2) to buy landed properties to break them up, and last but not least 3) to credit land reclamation. The long term credit was affirmed in 1924 when new currency: Polish Zloty, was introduced. The most appropriate forms of the credit were securities, i.e. letters of pledge and meliorating debentures. That form of credit could guarantee a long-term repayment, what had a great significance for the farmers. Moreover it guaranteed a gradual and constant capital inflow. In the interwar Poland we may observe an intense activity of the State Agriculture Bank in the field of long-term credits (in form of letters of pledge or melioration debentures). It resulted from the fact that state banks held a privileged position in selling up letters of pledge and debentures in home sales and foreign markets. As opposed to the private institutions providing long-term land credits, the issues of banks had state guarantees. Thus their letters of pledge and melioration debentures easily could find private and institutional purchasers.

2

'AGAINST SHAMELESS IN TEXT AND ILLUSTRATION'. KRAKOW CENSORSHIP AGAINST DEMORALIZATION (1918-1939) ('Przeciw bezwstydowi w druku i obrazku'. Krakowska cenzura w walce z demoralizacja (1918-1939))

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Wrona G.

Klio. Czasopismo poświęcone dziejom Polski i powszechnym

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2011

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issue 2(17)

97-111

EN

The following article examines the issues of legal and social regulation of pornography from the standpoint of the Cracovian press control body between 1918 and 1939. The emphasis is put primarily on the legislative restrictions in the visual and literary presentation of nudeness, as well as sexuality in the text, drawing or reproduction. The author refrains from judging past legislative and juridical solutions in this field. The article focuses on presenting and classifying the research materials, based on their form, content and the communication. The major aim of the article is thus a historic reconstruction of the Cracovian censorship actions. This concerns the regulation of the publishing houses' market which were accused of pornography. Moreover, the author defines the size of this market and indicates the reasons, why the publishing houses were subjected to restrictions. The activity forms of Cracow municipals and Cracovian censorship are also categorised in the article. Apart from the legal forms of restrictions such as: inspections, routine controls, confiscations and seizures of erotic publications, some other non-formal limitation trials could have been registered. These were initiated by the Catholic Church, various unions, associations as well as citizens themselves.

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WLADYSLAW GRABSKI'S GOVERNMENT (FROM 23RD OF JUNE TO 24TH OF JULY, 1920) (Rzad Wladyslawa Grabskiego (23 VI-24 VII 1920 r.), sklad, dzialalnosc i pozycja wobec Rady Obrony Panstwa)

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Goclon J.

Klio. Czasopismo poświęcone dziejom Polski i powszechnym

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2011

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issue 3(18)

75-111

EN

After establishing a new government with Prime Minister Wladyslaw Grabski, because of the fear from the Red Army coming closer to the border, one of the most signifying ideas was to create the Council for the Defence of the State, which could seize part of the Parliament duties and privileges. The Parliament bill, enacted rapidly, defined very wide authority of the Council, including passing regulations and ordinances, which ought to be fulfilled immediately. It was obligatory, that those ordinances, which needed to be fulfilled by Parliament, were to be approved during the next session. That means, the whole system of constituting the law by the Parliament was not restrained, but limited, because the Council got authority to make decisions and force governing bodies to act rapidly. The Council was not 'a government', but it enabled to coordinate all state functions with an economic activity and the headquarters' work. Not violating the basis of political system, it was possible to intervene on all fields of state duties. The fact is, that establishing the Council for the Defence of the State weakened the government, as well as the Prime Minister's position. But also his fatuous decision about going to Spa for the meeting with British Prime Minister, with humiliating proposition of conditions of a truce, if only Russian invasion would be stopped, had weakened the position of whole government. Despite the Council for the Defence of the State, government still worked, and after the 1st of July it made eight sessions. Nevertheless, international politics pursued by W. Grabski, especially the case of a Spa meeting, considerably weakened the position of whole government, criticized for the whole period of its shortly existence, and even fought by left-centre factions.

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3 Klio. Czasopismo poświęcone dziejom Polski i powszechnym

1 Goclon J.

1 Klusek M.

1 Wrona G.

2 2011

1 2010

THE LONG-TERM CREDIT OF THE STATE AGRICULTURE BANK - LETTERS OF PLEDGE AND MALIORATION DEBENTURES (Kredyt dlugoterminowy Panstwowego Banku Rolnego w listach zastawnych i obligacjach melioracyjnych w Polsce miedzywojennej)

'AGAINST SHAMELESS IN TEXT AND ILLUSTRATION'. KRAKOW CENSORSHIP AGAINST DEMORALIZATION (1918-1939) ('Przeciw bezwstydowi w druku i obrazku'. Krakowska cenzura w walce z demoralizacja (1918-1939))

WLADYSLAW GRABSKI'S GOVERNMENT (FROM 23RD OF JUNE TO 24TH OF JULY, 1920) (Rzad Wladyslawa Grabskiego (23 VI-24 VII 1920 r.), sklad, dzialalnosc i pozycja wobec Rady Obrony Panstwa)