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EN
The article examines the representation of nostalgic memory of the lost homeland, Lithuania, in the Lithuanian diaspora writer’s, Alė Rūta’s (1915-2011), trilogy called “The Destiny of the Exiled”, which consists of the novels Pirmieji svetur (1984; Eng. - The First Abroad), Daigynas (1987; Eng. – The Seedling Plot), and Skamba tolumoj (1997; Eng. Echoes from Afar). These novels describe the multilayered problems of Lithuanian immigration into the U.S.A. and life of the immigrants there. Alė Rūta (Elena Nakaitė-Arbienė) is a well-known Lithuanian author, most of whose works (novels and collections of short stories and poems, all written in the Lithuanian language) have been published by the publishers of Lithuanian diaspora in the United States of America. The trauma of the loss of the native land results in the transmitted nostalgia in her novels. The author both mourns over the lost homeland and shares with the readers her grief over this loss and longing for seeing it again. In doing this, Alė Rūta echoes the nostalgic voices of many immigrants, who left their native country at different periods. The article also discusses the issue of preservation of ethnic identity, which is constructed on nostalgic and often melancholic memories of the past, and explores different types of nostalgia, which forms a core of Alė Rūta’s trilogy.
EN
Over the past decade, immigration has been the main driver shaping Poland's migration policy. This has given rise to the concept and problem of an immigrant as an “other” who should be adjusted to Polish reality. The idea of parochialism is helpful in addressing the matter of the lookingglass self and its consequences for immigration policy. This article aims to interpret Poland's immigration policy in the context of parochialism and its virtues. It points to the consequences of a migration paradigm shift generated by modernisation and indigenisation. The methodology embraces a theoretical framing of parochialism, an interpretive political analysis approach, a qualitative content analysis, and an interpretation of selected public opinion polls and surveys. The argument developed in this article holds that Poland's immigration policy after 2015 has been marked by the tendency to favour parochialism as an attitude which captures immigrants in the exclusionary formula of “others”. The mobilisation of the Polish population to oppose the inflow of immigrants is in line with their “domestication” according to ethno-nationalist standards. Such process facilitates the implementation of Poland's immigration policy by shifting responsibility from the central authorities to local communities.
EN
The process of Czech and Moravian immigration to Texas is a well-known phenomenon. Since 1848, tens of thousands decided to cross the ocean to seek a better future in the “Lone Star state.“ Although their history is well documented, there are still themes to be explored. Their religious activity and the connection it has created with their metropolis is one of them. The church and its institutions sent priests to America to attend to the immigrants in their mother tongue and helped them preserve their cultural identity. Furthermore, they organized the construction of their sacred places that would remind the parishioners of their home country. One example could be the famous painted churches still present in Texas today. This topic has not received proper attention from historians because it requires studying sources on both sides of the Atlantic. The presented contribution tries to change this unflattering fact using the microhistorical approach. Its aim is threefold. First, explain the historical dimension of the religious connection between the Czech and Moravian immigrants in Texas with their metropolis. Second, describe the sacred places of the immigrants, how they were built, what role they played in their everyday life, and how they established a bond with their country of origin. Third, what importance did the sacred places of the Czechs and Moravians have in preserving their language and cultural identity? The microhistorical approach demands the use of various and fragmented sources, and this study will be no exception. It will use archive material from Austria and the Czech Republic, principally the funds of the religious organizations that supported the immigrants in Texas, such as the Leopoldine Society. Furthermore, the article will use published contemporary personal recounts and secondary literature. The content of these sources will be critically analysed to answer the research questions and hopefully contribute to the theme of religion and its invaluable role in an immigrant society.
EN
This paper explores Australia’s history and background of migration and refugee policies and examines the possibilities of applying the Australian solutions in the European Union. It has often been assumed that the history of Australia’s migration and refugee policies and the solutions it has applied are not relevant for the European Union (although they are suffi cient, albeit controversial, in the case of Australia). In order to verify this assumption, fi rst the origin and the current rules of Australia’s migration policy are presented and described, and then the determinants of immigration to Australia are indicated. Next, the overall state of relations between the EU, its Member States, and Australian immigration matters is explored. The main research questions posed in this text concern the key points of Australia’s immigration policies and its determinants, as well as the current state of the EU’s and its Member States’ relationship with Australia with respect to the refugee crisis and immigration. The paper ends by offering conclusions with respect to the above.
EN
During the last two centuries factors directing migration were purely economic or combined by different political reasons such as prosecution or political pressure based on religion or any other. The immigration policy in the United States always reacted to the changing situation earlier or later but restrictions were discriminative in any times and influenced emigration from those territories were restricted generally. The most egalitarian juridical viewpoint and regulation appeared only by Immigration Act of 1990 creating a new era in both migration policy and in the relation between the US and the rest of the world. Such racist aspects as the disclosure of Eastern Europeans changed to a more liberal consideration of popular diversity which can led to emerge the US society both economically and demographically to an unexpected level in the future. And despite since the Emergency Quota Act of 1921 broadly disclosed Eastern European from immigration and despite patterns in emigration from Easter Europe changed generally in the last couple of years34 America as a target country remained in their minds when thinking about emigration.
EN
The main objective of this paper is to analyze the relationship between immigration and labor market performance in Sabah region's oil palm plantation industry. The labour market performance refers to the wages and employment of local workers in the oil palm plantation sector. The relationship of these variables can be in short run or/ and in the long run. This study uses Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) to examine the relationship between the immigration and labour market performance. In fulfilling this study, Johansen cointegration test is used to determine the relationship among the variables - immigration, employment and wages. The data are collected from the Department of Statistics Malaysia, Labour Department, Farmers’ Organization Authority Malaysia, National Archives of Malaysia and Sabah Agricultural Department over the past 31 years. The result shows that there is a relationship between immigration and employment of local workers in short run and long run. While, there is no relationship between immigration and wages either in short or long run.
EN
Purpose: Migration is a complex situational transition that rarely occurs in isolations. Use of the transitions framework allows for recognition of the complex, longitudinal, and iterative components and processes of migration. Refugees experience a long and anduous transition. Refugees may experience significant changes in health status. The study purpose to investigate the change in health perception of refugee women within the framework of transition theory. Materials and methods: This study is a qualitative study. Data were collected with a semi-structured interview form at in-depth interviews. Obtained data were analyzed with inductive content analysis. Analysis of interview data provided by thirty Syrian refugee women. Results: The refugee women’s changing in health perception were found to comprise the following themes "pre-migration access to health care system and medical practise", " experiences of immigration process", "access to health care system in Turkey and medical practice,” and “change in health perception" and subthemes. Conclusions: Health perception for Syrian refugees women is status of well-being or not. Health status of refugees women got worse during immigration process and postmigration process. Because of refugee women in the face of some problems such as language barriers, lack of socio-economic situation, inadequacy of access to health care system all of these cause to be negatively change in health perceptions.
EN
This article builds on the scholarship on color-blind ideology by examining discourse challenging two cases of institutional discrimination (the criminalization of unauthorized immigrants and sports teams’ use of Native American symbolism). Our research questions are first, what general options do anti-racists have for navigating norms of color-blindness in the public sphere? Second, how does context influence how people confront institutional discrimination? Based on an ethnographic content analysis of 165 letters to the editor published in American newspapers, we find that opponents of institutional discrimination have the choice of addressing one of four laminations. In each lamination, authors acknowledge framings of racial discrimination that are unacknowledged in previous ones. In the abstraction lamination, authors do not recognize race and ethnicity. In the pigmentation lamination, authors identify race and ethnicity, but not discrimination. Authors in the discrimination lamination acknowledge the practice is harmful to a particular racial or ethnic group, and the contextualization lamination lends added dimensionality to the discourse. A comparison of the laminations of pro-immigrant and anti-mascot letters demonstrates varying willingness to acknowledge racial discrimination. Namely, the pro-immigrant discourse was more color-blind than anti-mascot criticism. We consider the potential causes of these findings and offer suggestions for future research in the conclusion
EN
The article refers to the problemacy of international labour mobility seen as a response to many changes in political as well as in economical and social development in Europe in the last decade. In the first part of the article there is a short summary of the mentioned development in the area of immigration and labour mobility in Europe. The second part of the article deals with diversity in general and with managing of diversity in particular, there are some practical examples of possible problems as well. The last part of the article offers some suggestions for successful implementation of diversity management in enterprises.
EN
The aim of the paper is try to make a dynamic picture of the modern (or post-modern) Italian identity, from a political, social and cultural point of view. The status of this country is in the balance, between a fast industrialization without an analogous industrial culture and a lumbering memory where the traditional rules are still strong. The analysis will be carried out through an historical and sociological excursus both in Italian ascent memories and in political processes and events after the Second World War.
EN
Immigration highlights the question of language and raises the dilemma of the relationship between the mother tongue and the language of the new land. For writers this question is even more crucial: should they write in the language of the place and its readers? Immigration to Israel is not exceptional, of course. What choices are open to those writers, and how are they to convey the complexities inherent in the formation of an Israeli identity? This paper focuses on two writers who demonstrate the role played by the “chosen language” in the cultural construction and deconstruction of Israeli identity. Tuvia Ruebner emigrated from Bratislava, Aharon Appelfeld from Bukovina. Ruebner shifted from German to Hebrew and back to German; Appelfeld wrote only in Hebrew. In both cases, their arrival in Israel enabled them to survive. However, the loss of their families in Europe continued to haunt them. Inspired by Walter Benjamin’s concept of ‘translation’ and responding to Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari’s concept of ‘minor literature’, the paper shows how their work conveys a multilayered interrelation between national and foreign languages, and between images of exile and homeland, past, present and future – all of which shed light on contemporary issues of Israeli identity.
EN
Persons intending to live in Germany should have a certain knowledge of the German language and about the country in general. Foreigners may acquire the necessary skills and knowledge by participating in integration courses. They are financed by the state as well as by the immigrants themselves. The aim of the article is to evaluate the system of financing such courses that was adopted in Germany. As part of the justification for selecting this particular topic it is worth mentioning that there are no analyses on this subject available in the source literature. Furthermore, also the geopolitical situation in the world and the influx of refugees in Europe (including Germany) that results from it serve to prove just how current and important with regard to cost economics the issue of financing immigrant integration actually is. The analysis has been carried out on the basis of German legal acts and the financial data obtained from the Federal Statistical Office and the Federal Office for Migration and Refugees. The article covers the period 2017-2018 and is based on the method of document analysis. (original abstract)
XX
W swoich studiach nad współczesną imigracją ludności zwróciłem szczególną uwagę na repatriacyjny proces przesiedleńczy, ze wskazaniem na jego powtarzalność. Dziś należy wzmocnić argumentację za względu na ustawowe regulacje i możliwość przedłużenia zjawiska na wiele lat XXI w. (fragment tekstu)
PL
An article presenting the issues discussed in the reconstruction in Prešov (until theend of the sixteenth century). He draws attention to the presence – the influx of foreigners, the coexistence of many nationalities (Germans, Hungarians, Poles, Czechs, Roma, Jews and others), but also Slovaks, presenting toponymy, references, the importance of ethnonyms, onomastics, etc. Particular attention was given to three nationalities – the dominant among Prešov residents– Germans, Hungarians, Slovaks, what found itself in its spatial space – topography, but also indenominational relations, i.e. in the connection of the so-called preachers of nationality as partof the Roman Catholic religion, and later also (after 1531) as part of the Protestant Evangelical Church of the Augsburg Confession. e surveys made it possible to determine the nature of the newly adopted duties – their origin, activities and dealing in wine trade. An important conditionfor these problems are enterprises that keep tax / accounting accounts.
EN
In view of globalization process analysis of migration forms important and actual problem. The paper presents the results of statistic, econometric and demographic analysis of migration processes in Silesia province in Poland in 2010. Especially taken into account was problem of negative migration balance in the province, caused, as stated, by decreasing influx to the Silesia province from the others. There were estimated migration models of influx and outflow of the migrants. Finally, it has been stated that some of the migration laws formed in XIX century by E.G. Ravenstein are still actual in Poland, among others the law of relation between the level of migration and its distance, and the law of opposite flows of migration, while the law of higher migration of urban (vs. rural) inhabitants was no longer valid.
EN
Researchers have identified a host of factors that influence immigrant men’s understanding of and commitment to health, but overall the scholarship is still unsettled, in large part because the experiences of immigrant groups are so varied. In this paper, based on interviews with Kurdish immigrants in the United States, we demonstrate that the field of health provides both opportunities and pitfalls for men whose social, familial, and masculine aspirations simultaneously pull them into American life and push them towards a segregated existence. We conclude that men use a discourse of health to simultaneously assert themselves as men and maintain their connections to their original culture, just as they use a discourse of masculine responsibility to account for the health-related choices they make.
PL
Celem artykułu jest zaprezentowanie obecnego stanu imigracji wewnętrznej i międzynarodowej do Wrocławia, jak również znaczenie tej imigracji dla globalności miasta. Globalność jest rozumiana jako możliwość operowania miasta na globalnym rynku i czerpania korzyści z dostępu do światowego przekroju firm, klientów i pracowników. Jest ona warunkowana przez wiele czynników. Migracje są traktowane jako rezultat globalności, ale również czynnik korzystnie wpływający na globalność. Artykuł prezentuje część danych uzyskanych w ramach realizacji projektu badawczego dotyczącego wrocławskich imigrantów. Wrocław jest czwartym co do wielkości miastem w Polsce i jednym z miast powołanej do życia na mocy rozporządzenia Rady Ministrów z 15 kwietnia 1997 r. Wałbrzyskiej Specjalnej Strefy Ekonomicznej „Invest –Park” (WSSE). Stworzenie Strefy miało przyciągnąć na Dolny Śląsk – region upośledzony i obarczony dużym bezrobociem – przedsiębiorców, którzy stworzą okolicznym mieszkańcom miejsca pracy. WSSE oraz dynamiczne zarządzanie Wrocławiem sprawiły, że miasto stało się magnesem przyciągającym imigrantów. Zezwolenia na działalność w WSSE otrzymało już ponad 170 przedsiębiorstw z ponad dwudziestu państw, m.in. USA, Japonii, Niemiec, Szwecji, Francji, Hiszpanii, Szwajcarii, Korei Południowej, które stanowią jedno z głównych miejsc zatrudnienia obcokrajowców w województwie dolnośląskim. Ich kadra zarządzająca przeważnie wybiera jako miejsce zamieszkania Wrocław. Wrocławskie koncerny przyciągają również rodzimych migrantów. W ramach referatu zostaną zaprezentowane dane GUS na temat migracji wewnętrznych oraz dane Urzędu do Spraw Cudzoziemców na temat migrantów zagranicznych. Dane zostaną omówione w kontekście wpływu imigracji na pozycję miasta w globalnych sieciach przepływów.
EN
The purpose of this paper is to present internal and international migration to Wrocław and the meaning of this migration for the globality of the city. The globality is understood as ability of the city to operate on the global market and to benefit from the access to global range of companies, customers and workers. Globality of the city is facilitated by the wide selection of factors. Migration is treated from one side as a result of globality but from the other as helping to increase globality. This text presents the part of the data collected during the research on Wrocław immigrants. Wrocław is 4th biggest city in Poland and one of the cities of Wałbrzych Special Economic Zone „Invest – Park” (WSSE) established by Rada Ministrów on 15th April 1997. Zone was supposed to bring to Lower Silesia – region with high unemployment − companies who will form work places for local population. WSSE and dynamic management of the authorities made Wrocław the magnet for immigrants. Currently over 170 companies from over 20 countries (among them USA, Japan, Germany, Sweden, France, Spain, Switzerland, South Korea) are located in Wałbrzych Special Economic Zone. Their management usually choose Wrocław as a place of life. The companies located in Wrocław attract also the internal immigrants. This paper presents the GUS data about internal migration and the Foreign Office data on international migration in order to discuss the impact of immigration on increasing the global links of the city and its position in global networks of power
PL
Polska jest ważnym krajem emigracyjnym o znaczącej skali wyjazdów. Istotnym zadaniem kształtującej się polityki migracyjnej staje się w związku z tym minimalizowanie negatywnych skutków masowych wyjazdów i maksymalizowanie korzyści wynikających z tego procesu. W Polsce wzrasta jednocześnie liczba przyjeżdżających cudzoziemców i trzeba spodziewać się, że w miarę wzrostu atrakcyjności społeczno-gospodarczej kraju grupa ta będzie coraz większa. Dyskusja nad charakterem polityki (i)migracyjnej, a zwłaszcza integracyjnej, staje się w związku z tym nieunikniona. Wzrastający napływ cudzoziemców i duża skala emigracji nabierają wreszcie szczególnego znaczenia w kontekście prognozowanych zmian demograficznych. W tym znaczeniu polityka migracyjna stanowić może zatem także komplementarne narzędzie rozwiązywania problemów wynikających z tych zmian.
EN
Poland is an important emigration country, where the scale of departure abroad is significant. Because of the fact, a vital element of migration policy that is being created is minimizing negative outcomes of mass emigration and maximizing benefits that result from this process. The number of foreigners that come to Poland increases and it can be expected that, as the social and economical attractiveness of the country grows, this group will be bigger. A discussion concerning the character of immigration policy, especially the integrative one, seems to be unavoidable. An increasing influx of foreigners and a huge scale of emigration become very important in the context of demographical changes’ prediction. Significant decrease of population, deep changes in its structure, according to the age and growing old, become an important challenge, that Polish society has to face. Therefore, a migration policy can be a tool for solving problems that result from these changes.
Ekonomista
|
2021
|
issue 4
482-507
PL
Ze względu na bezprecedensowy wzrost gospodarczy po akcesji do UE w czterech krajach Grupy Wyszehradzkiej V4 (Czechach, Węgrzech, Polsce i Słowacji) zaobserwowano zjawisko nadwyżkowego popytu na pracę. Jednakże w retoryce rządów krajów tej grupy można zauważyć wyraźną niechęć do akceptacji zwiększonej imigracji, co wydaje się znajdować odzwierciedlenie w nastrojach społecznych. Artykuł podejmuje kwestię potencjalnej gotowości państw Grupy Wyszehradzkiej do przyjęcia większej liczby imigrantów. W tym celu przeprowadzono analizę strumieni migracyjnych, a także populacji imigrantów w każdym z tych krajów w okresie powojennym. W celu ujawnienia korelacji pomiędzy migracjami a wybranymi wskaźnikami makroekonomicznymi przeprowadzono analizę szeregów czasowych z wykorzystaniem modelu regresji. Analiza ta nie wykazała uniwersalnych zależności dla wszystkich państw grupy V4, jednak stwierdzono istotne statystycznie korelacje dla Polski (gdzie wzrost PKB i spadek bezrobocia mają wpływ na zwiększoną imigrację), a także Słowacji (gdzie napływ BIZ przekłada się na niższą emigrację). Stwierdzono również, że rosnąca niechęć mieszkańców państw V4 wobec zjawiska zwiększonej imigracji może stanowić wyzwanie dla rządów tych państw, zwłaszcza w świetle rosnącego zapotrzebowania na pracę.
EN
Due to unprecedented economic growth after the EU accession, four post-communist economies: Czechia, Hungary, Poland, and Slovak Republic (Visegrad Group, V4) have suffered from unsaturated demand in their labour markets. However, while undergoing the transition from net emigration into net immigration countries, the V4 governments unleashed anti-immigrant propaganda, which seems to have fallen on fertile ground with their societies. The paper addresses the question of potential readiness of the Visegrad Group countries to accept increased immigration. To this end an analysis of post-war migration flows and immigrant populations was performed for each of the countries. To reveal correlations between migration flows and selected macroeconomic indicators, a time series analysis with time series regression model has been performed. No universal trends for the entire V4 group were revealed regarding correlation of macroeconomic indicators and migration flows. However, statistically significant correlations were found for Poland (where higher GDP growth and lower unemployment translated into increased immigration) and Slovak Republic (where higher FDI dynamics resulted in decreased emigration). It is also claimed that negative attitudes of V4 populations towards increased immigration are deteriorating with time, which might be challenging for their governments, especially in the light of growing demand on their labour markets.
PL
Metodologicznym punktem wyjścia artykułu jest koncepcja transnarodowości w ujęciu Willa Higbee i Songa Hwee Lima, którzy stwierdzili, że w pojęciu tym nie chodzi wyłącznie o zagadnienia koprodukcji czy globalnej dystrybucji, ale o uwzględnienie czynników politycznych, kulturowych i społecznych pozwalających lepiej zrozumieć dzisiejsze kino oraz otaczający nas świat. Z tej perspektywy Loska spogląda na filmy Katarzyny Klimkiewicz, która skupia się na problemach mniejszości etnicznych, opowiada o losach uchodźców politycznych i ekonomicznych, podejmując tematy życia w wielokulturowym społeczeństwie, rasizmu czy dyskryminacji. Przedmiotem analizy są dwa jej filmy: krótkometrażówka Hanoi – Warszawa (2009) i debiut fabularny Zaślepiona (Flying Blind, 2012), nakręcony w Wielkiej Brytanii. Na tych dwóch przykładach Loska pokazuje odmienne sposoby przedstawiania problematyki imigranckiej w kinie współczesnym: jeden opiera się na poetyce dokumentalnej, zakłada możliwość oddaniu głosu „podporządkowanym Innym”, zaś drugi na wykorzystaniu konwencji gatunkowych.
EN
The methodological starting point of the article is the concept of transnationalism as defined by Will Higbee and Song Hwee Lim, who argue that the concept not only deals with the issue of coproduction and global distribution, but also applies to political, cultural and social factors, that permit a better understanding of contemporary cinema and the world around us. From this perspective Loska considers Katarzyna Klimkiewicz’s films. She focuses on the problems of ethnic minorities, and speaks of the stories of political and economic refugees, and deals with matters such as racism, discrimination and multicultural societies. Two films, the short film Hanoi-Warsaw (2009) and the debut feature, filmed in Great Britain, Flying Blind (2012) are the object of analysis in the article. Using these two examples Loska shows different ways of representing immigrant issues in contemporary cinema: one is based on a poetic documentary, and implies the possibility of giving a voice to the “subordinated Other”, while the second is based on the conventions of the genre.
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