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The impact of explicit and implicit power motivation on educational choices

100%
Maliszewski N., Kuźmińska A. O., Wieczorkowska-Wierzbińska G., Werner-Maliszewska A.
Polish Psychological Bulletin
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2014
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vol. 45
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issue 3
275-285
EN
The aim of three studies was to examine the differences between business majors and non-business majors, in their level of implicit (measured by an Implicit Association Test [IAT], Greenwald, McGhee, & Schwarz, 1998) and explicit power motivation (measured by Power Motivation and Helping Power Motivation scales, Frieze & Boneva, 2001).It was predicted that there are no differences between these two groups in the general (implicit) level of power motivation, but that differences exist in the way it is explicitly expressed: through desire for leadership and prominence vs. desire for helping. Results of Study 1 indicated that business majors (management, N=79) declared a higher leadership motive and a lower helping motive than non-business majors (history, psychology, linguistics, N=62).Study 2 addressed question whether the above differences in power motivation stem from socialization at the university level or from pre-selection. The relationship between high school students’ (N=134) academic major preferences and their power motivation was tested. It was found that the more they were business-oriented, the higher their scores were on leadership, and lower on helping scales. In Study 3, business majors (economics, N=75) and non-business majors (psychology, N=82) completed the same questionnaire as participants in previous studies, as well as performed the IAT. Non-business majors declared stronger explicit helping motive, while business majors expressed stronger prominence and leadership motives. Furthermore, for non-business majors, IAT results could be predicted by their helping score. Implications and possible limitations of the presented results are discussed.
2
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How Do People Resolve Conflict Between Implicit and Explicit Attitudes?

100%
Maliszewski N.
Polish Psychological Bulletin
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2011
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vol. 42
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issue 1
36-45
EN
How do implicit attitudes influence behavior when they are in conflict with explicit attitudes? In Study 1, smokers’ negative implicit attitudes and positive explicit attitudes towards smoking were activated. Then emotions were measured. The stronger the negative implicit attitudes that the smokers held, the stronger the conflict experienced. Study 2 showed that cognitive capacity allows for this conflict, as positive explicit and negative implicit attitudes may be applied simultaneously. The stronger the negative implicit attitudes the smokers held, the stronger the conflict experienced. Smokers resolved the conflict through the inhibition of implicit attitudes (by smoking cigarettes). Without cognitive capacity, only implicit attitudes were applied, and thus no conflict was aroused. Study 3 confirmed that smoking cigarettes inhibited negative implicit attitudes.
3
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The Test of Implicit Attitudes Towards Persons with Visual, Intellectual and Motor Disabilities (IAT-VIMD): A Preliminary Study

100%
Kurtek P.
Roczniki Psychologiczne
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2021
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vol. 24
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issue 1
43-64
EN
The implicit attitudes, compared to explicit attitudes moderated by social pressure, play a dominant role in everyday interactions with disabled persons. Therefore, the purpose of the paper is to present the development of Implicit Attitudes Test toward Persons with Visual, Intellectual, and Motor Disabilities (IAT-VIMD). It has been developed to compare the favorization vs devaluation tendency towards non-disabled and disabled adults. We applied photographs showing people in everyday situations to assure spontaneous reactions of the respondents. Ninety-two respondents aged 19–22 years took part in the research. The procedure is based on the IAT (Implicit Association Test) index, developed by Greenwald, McGhee, & Schwartz (1998), i.e. the difference in response time to affective compatible vs non-compatible signals. Statistical analysis confirmed the content validity based on the Competent Judges’ agreement as regards the type of disability, the level of visibility and the level of overall life activity of the object. The external validity was verified with The Conditional Respect for Persons with Disabilities Questionnaire (CRPD-Q) by Kurtek (2018). Next the absolute stability of the test was proved. The presented IAT-VIMD meets the psychometric criteria of content and theoretical validity as well as reliability, and has the potential to become a useful measure of implicit attitudes towards adults with visual, motor and intellectual disabilities in various social groups. The discussion points to the test’s limitations and recommendations for future development and use. In particular, a need for further research on the external validity of the test has been emphasized.
4
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Unconscious motivation. Part II: Implicit attitudes and L2 achievement

88%
Al-Hoorie A. H.
Studies in Second Language Learning and Teaching
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2016
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vol. 6
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issue 4
619-649
EN
This paper investigates the attitudinal/motivational predictors of second language (L2) academic achievement. Young adult learners of English as a foreign language (N = 311) completed several self-report measures and the SingleTarget Implicit Association Test. Examination of the motivational profiles of high and low achievers revealed that attachment to the L1 community and the ought-to L2 self were negatively associated with achievement, while explicit attitudes toward the L2 course and implicit attitudes toward L2 speakers were positively associated with it. The relationship between implicit attitudes and achievement could not be explained either by social desirability or by other cognitive confounds, and remained significant after controlling for explicit self-report measures. Explicit–implicit congruence also revealed a similar pattern, in that congruent learners were more open to the L2 community and obtained higher achievement. The results also showed that neither the ideal L2 self nor intended effort had any association with actual L2 achievement, and that intended effort was particularly prone to social desirability biases. Implications of these findings are discussed.
5
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Unconscious motivation. Part I: Implicit attitudes toward L2 speakers

88%
Al-Hoorie A. H.
Studies in Second Language Learning and Teaching
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2016
|
vol. 6
|
issue 3
423-454
EN
This paper reports the first investigation in the second language acquisition field assessing learners’ implicit attitudes using the Implicit Association Test, a computerized reaction-time measure. Examination of the explicit and implicit attitudes of Arab learners of English (N = 365) showed that, particularly for males, implicit attitudes toward L2 speakers are associated with self-reported openness to the L2 group and with strength of correlations among attitudinal and motivational variables. Implicit attitudes also moderated important paths in the L2 Motivational Self System. The paper concludes that implicit attitudes seem to be a meaningful individual difference variable, adding a new dimension to our understanding of language motivation.
6
Publication available in full text mode
Content available

Unconscious motivation. Part II: Implicit attitudes and L2 achievement

88%
Al-Hoorie A. H.
Studies in Second Language Learning and Teaching
|
2016
|
vol. 6
|
issue 4
619-649
EN
This paper investigates the attitudinal/motivational predictors of second language (L2) academic achievement. Young adult learners of English as a foreign language (N = 311) completed several self-report measures and the Single-Target Implicit Association Test. Examination of the motivational profiles of high and low achievers revealed that attachment to the L1 community and the ought-to L2 self were negatively associated with achievement, while explicit attitudes toward the L2 course and implicit attitudes toward L2 speakers were positively associated with it. The relationship between implicit attitudes and achievement could not be explained either by social desirability or by other cognitive confounds, and remained significant after controlling for explicit self-report measures. Explicit–implicit congruence also revealed a similar pattern, in that congruent learners were more open to the L2 community and obtained higher achievement. The results also showed that neither the ideal L2 self nor intended effort had any association with actual L2 achievement, and that intended effort was particularly prone to social desirability biases. Implications of these findings are discussed.
7
Publication available in full text mode
Content available

Unconscious motivation. Part I: Implicit attitudes toward L2 speakers

88%
Al-Hoorie A. H.
Studies in Second Language Learning and Teaching
|
2016
|
vol. 6
|
issue 3
423-454
EN
This paper reports the first investigation in the second language acquisition field assessing learners’ implicit attitudes using the Implicit Association Test, a computerized reaction-time measure. Examination of the explicit and implicit attitudes of Arab learners of English (N = 365) showed that, particularly for males, implicit attitudes toward L2 speakers are associated with self-reported openness to the L2 group and with strength of correlations among attitudinal and motivational variables. Implicit attitudes also moderated important paths in the L2 Motivational Self System. The paper concludes that implicit attitudes seem to be a meaningful individual difference variable, adding a new dimension to our understanding of language motivation.
8
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Jawna vs utajona potrzeba władzy

75%
Maliszewski N., Jankowska K., Suszek H.
Problemy Zarządzania
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2014
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issue 1/2014 (45)
50 - 65
PL
Celem projektu było zbadanie jawnej i utajonej potrzeby władzy kobiet i mężczyzn różniących się kierunkiem wykształcenia (psychologiczne vs ekonomiczne). Przewidywano, że choć mężczyźni (a także osoby wybierające studia ekonomiczne) będą jawnie deklarować silniejszą potrzebę władzy, to na poziomie utajonym nie będą istotnie różnić się od kobiet (psychologów) wielkością tej potrzeby. 40 studentów ekonomii i 40 studentów psychologii, dobranych w równych proporcjach pod względem płci, wypełniało kwestionariusz do pomiaru trzech wymiarów jawnej potrzeby władzy: przywództwa (leadership), rozgłosu (visibilty) oraz pomagania (helping). Test Utajonych Skojarzeń był wskaźnikiem utajonej potrzeby władzy. Studenci psychologii deklarowali silniejszą niż ekonomiści jawną potrzebę władzy wyrażaną poprzez zachowania pomocowe (helping) i z tym wymiarem była związana ich utajona potrzeba. Z kolei studenci ekonomii częściej niż psycholodzy deklarowali, iż potrzebę władzy zaspokajają poprzez posiadanie wpływu i rozgłos.
EN
The aim of the study was to examine implicit and explicit power motive in students as a function of their gender and major (psychology versus economics). It was expected that although men would explicitly declare stronger power motive than women, on the implicit level, there would be no gender difference. Similarly, it was expected that economy majors would declare stronger power motive than psychology majors but this difference would not be observed on the implicit measure. Forty psychology and forty economics majors, with an equal number of men and women in each group, participated in the proper study. They were asked to fill in the questionnaire measuring 3 dimensions of explicit power motivation: leadership, visibility and helping. They also completed an Implicit Association Test (IAT) measuring implicite power motivation. Psychology majors declared stronger power motive expressed through helping behaviors than economics majors. For psychology majors those helping behaviors were related to power motive at the implicit level. On the other hand, economy majors more often than psychology ones declared that they satisfy their power motivation by typical power attributes – influencing others and visibility.
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