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1
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The Legal Obligation to Prevent Genocide: Bosnia v Serbia and Beyond

100%
Forlati S.
Polish Yearbook of International Law
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2011
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vol. 31
189-205
EN
This article assesses the impact of legal rules aimed at preventing genocide. The specific features of the legal obligation to prevent genocide are analyzed in light of the current debate on the “responsibility to protect” and the ICJ’s stance on the issue in Bosnia v Serbia. While the content of positive obligations such as the one under discussion is usually elaborated through the case law of judicial or quasi-judicial bodies, the ICJ refrained from doing so, stating that only manifest breaches of the obligation to prevent genocide give rise to international responsibility. The author seeks an explanation for the reasons underlying such an approach, and tries to identify other ways in which legal standards in the field of genocide prevention could be developed.
2

State immunity – ICJ judgment in Ferrini

100%
Menkes M.
Studia Prawnicze
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2012
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issue 2 (191)
33-65
EN
On February 2010 International Court of Justice decided that an Italian appeals court sentence Ferrini violated jurisdictional immunity of Germany, to which it is entitled in respect of acts de iure imperii. Adopting a restrictive approach Judges stated that procedural nature of the immunity shall be viewed separately from substantive provisions, according to which conduct of German armed forced had been qualified as war crimes. Accordingly enjoying protection of jurisdictional immunities does not, at the current stage of international law development, contradict protection of fundamental rights. This narrow perception of the problem and certain inconsistencies in legal reasoning between the Court and its judges will probably diminish importance of the judgment as a point of referral in further debates concerning the scope and nature of the jurisdictional immunities. At the same time complex factual and legal context of the proceedings allows to conjecture at to the reasons behind such a ruling.
3
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State Immunity or State Impunity? Human Rights and State Immunity Revisited in the ICJ’s Judgment on the Case of the Jurisdictional Immunities of a State

100%
Gerlich O.
Adam Mickiewicz University Law Review
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2013
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vol. 2
185-194
PL
The paper aims to comment on the judgment of the International Court of Justice of 2nd February 2012 in the case of Jurisdictional Immunities of the State between Germany and Italy from the perspective of the problem of jurisdictional immunity. In its decision concerning compensation for atrocities suffered by Italian citizens during World War  II granted by Italian courts against the German State as well as the execution of the analogical decisions of Greek courts, the International Court of Justice upheld the immunity of the German State. The compensation sought by the plaintiffs in the national proceedings was to redress massacres on the civil population, deportations and forced labour. In its decision the Court analyzed the exception proposed by Italy in three strands which, according to the Respondent, cumulatively would result in an exception to the rule of state immunity. Firstly, the acts giving rise to the Italian claims constituted grave violations of humanitarian law; secondly, the rules of law violated constitute peremptory norms of international law; thirdly, no other form of redress was available rendering the exercise of jurisdiction by the Italian court to be a measure of a last resort for the victims.
4
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Book review: Robert Kolb, The International Court of Justice, Hart Publishing, Oxford: 2013

88%
Krzan B.
Polish Yearbook of International Law
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2014
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vol. 34
313-317
EN
Review of a book: Robert Kolb, The International Court of Justice, Hart Publishing, Oxford: 2013
5

The International Court of Justice and the Legality of UN Security Council Resolutions

88%
Ušiak J., Saktorová Ľ.
DANUBE: Law and Economics Review
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2014
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vol. 5
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issue 3
201-212
EN
Through the United Nation’s Charter, the UN Security Council represents the most powerful executive institutional body in the field of collective security. Moreover, its ultra vires acts may have distinct legal consequences. Accordingly, questions arising from these facts are whether such a large scope of competences could be abused, what are the limits of the executed power and above all, affirmation of the legality of the actions of Council. Predominantly by means of the analytical method as well as a case study of the Lockerbie case, the present study provides the related argumentative discourse. Notwithstanding the fact that the decisions of the Council appear to be without any limitations, it is obliged to act within the purposes and principles of the UN Charter. The opinion of the International Court of Justice on the legality of the SC’s actions in the field of collective security are still, however, indirectly expressed through its general function.
6
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Uses and Underuses of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination at the International Court of Justice

88%
Balcerzak M.
Polish Yearbook of International Law
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2018
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vol. 38
11-27
EN
As many as three international disputes containing allegations of infringement of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (ICERD) have been brought before the International Court of Justice (ICJ), thus contributing to the number of cases allowing the Court to pronounce itself on the international human rights law. Even though none of the cases invoking violations of ICERD has been (yet) adjudicated on the merits, they have already provided an opportunity to clarify (at least in part) the compromissory clause enshrined in Art. 22 of ICERD, as well as to tackle some other issues related to provisional measures ordered by the Court. This article discusses the ICJ’s approaches to the application of ICERD in the three above-mentioned cases, while posing the question whether indeed the 1965 Convention can be useful as a tool for settling inter-state disputes. The author claims that ICERD and the broad definition of “racial discrimination” set out in its Art. 1 constitute cornerstones for the international protection of human rights, though the recourse to the procedures provided in Art. 22 of ICERD – vital as they are – should not necessarily be perceived as a better alternative to the inter-state procedures and the functions exercised by the UN Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination (CERD).
7
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The doctrine of implied powers of international organizations in the case law of international tribunals

88%
Gadkowski A.
Adam Mickiewicz University Law Review
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2016
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vol. 6
45-59
EN
The aim of this article is to present the contribution of international tribunals to the development of the doctrine of implied powers of international organizations. The author discusses the case law and the position presented by the PCIJ and the ICJ regarding the powers of international organizations. He points to the basis for implication of powers of international organizations and the limitation of such implication and presents a noticeable evolution of the tribunals view on the issue of implied powers.
8
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The Basis for the Implication of Powers of International Organizations

88%
Gadkowski A.
Adam Mickiewicz University Law Review
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2020
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vol. 11
69-80
EN
The aim of this article is to present the basis of the implication of powers of international organizations. This topic is not only of great interest and import from the point of view of the theory of international organizaizations, but also from that of the practice of international organizations, particularly important institutions of international cooperation. The author discusses the nature of the basis for such implication before then examining the implication of powers within the context of international organizations’ expressly granted powers.
9
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Środki tymczasowe w sporze między Ukrainą a Federacją Rosyjską dotyczącym zarzutów popełnienia zbrodni ludobójstwa a kwestia jurysdykcji Międzynarodowego Trybunału Sprawiedliwości

88%
Kamiński T., Kobielski P.
Zeszyty Prawnicze BAS
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2022
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issue 2(74)
9-48
EN
The authors discuss the legal measures taken by Ukraine in connection with the invasion of the Russian Federation. One such measure was a request to the International Court of Justice in the Hague to oblige Russia to halt hostilities. The ICJ issued an order on provisional measures to secure the protection of Ukrainian rights in the course of the proceedings. In this paper, the authors analyze these measures, their embedding in the current jurisdiction of the ICJ and relevant legal bases.
10
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Limitations to the Implied Powers of International Organizations

88%
Gadkowski A.
Adam Mickiewicz University Law Review
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2022
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vol. 14
103-118
EN
The aim of this article is to present the main aspects of limitations to the implied powers of international organizations. The author discusses the most important case law and the position on this topic presented, in particular, by the International Court of Justice. He points to the most salient categories in the catalogue of the limits of implied powers of international organizations.
11
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Original Sin Reaffirmed: The Nicaragua Judgement’s Impact on the Notion of Armed Attack as the Most Grave Form of the Use of Force

75%
Kowalski M.
Polish Yearbook of International Law
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2016
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vol. 36
37-50
EN
This article is referenced to the thirtieth anniversary of the ICJ’s Nicaragua judgement on the merits of 1986. It acknowledges the significance of this much-debated judgement for the modern international law on the use of force (jus ad bellum). However the text focuses on one aspect of the judgement only, i.e. the definition of the notion of “armed attack” as the most grave form of the use of force. The impact of the judgement in this respect is critically analysed. It is argued that the introduction to the UN Charter text of undefined notions of the use of force, aggression, and armed attack may be labelled as the “original sin” of contemporary jus ad bellum, as it results in conceptual obscurity. It is also claimed that the ICJ reaffirmed this original sin in its Nicaragua judgement because it explicitly argued for the notion of “armed attack” as the most grave form of the use of armed force and, in consequence, distinguished it from the other, lesser forms of the use of force, while failing to introduce any sort of clarity in the conceptual ambiguity of jus ad bellum. The article also offers some remarks de lege ferenda and suggests abandoning the gravity criterion, which would require abandoning the well-established judicial and doctrinal interpretation approaches to jus ad bellum.
12
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The Advisory Opinion on Kosovo’s Declaration of Independence: Hopes, Disappointments and Its Relevance to Crimea

63%
Värk R.
Polish Yearbook of International Law
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2014
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vol. 34
115-131
EN
The international community anxiously awaited delivery of the advisory opinion of the International Court of Justice (ICJ) on Kosovo’s declaration of independence, hoping it would clarify the controversial right of self-determination and the right of secession. Although it was hailed by many as a confirmation of both rights, the advisory opinion was disappointing regarding that part of the analysis which was based on general international law. The ICJ interpreted the question posed in a very narrow and formalistic way. It concluded that declarations of independence (not their consequences) are not in violation of international law, but it did not rule that they are in accordance with international law, as was requested in the posed question. The ICJ refused to examine whether there is a positive entitlement to secession under international law. Although Kosovo and its supporters claimed that the case of Kosovo is unique and will not set a precedent, Russia used the case of Kosovo and the advisory opinion to justify the so-called referendum in Crimea and the subsequent incorporation of Crimea into Russia. However, the situation in Crimea is only superficially comparable to Kosovo and the advisory opinion gives little or no support in the case of Crimea.
13
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Krzysztof Skubiszewski and the Right to Self-determination: Past and Future

63%
Hilpold P.
Polish Yearbook of International Law
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2019
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vol. 39
21-35
EN
In 1995, Professor Krzysztof Skubiszewski added a Dissenting Opinion to the East Timor Judgment, wherein the ICJ declined jurisdiction in a proceeding started by Portugal against Australia for its having concluded the East Timor Gap treaty with Indonesia, in blatant violation of the East Timorese’s right to self-determination. Ad-hoc Judge Skubiszewski posited that the Court should have accepted jurisdiction and he presented a series of convincing arguments for this proposition. In 2019 the ICJ rendered an Opinion in the Chagos Islands case. The fact that the ICJ accepted jurisdiction in this case demonstrates that an impressive development has taken place since 1995, one whereby many of Professor Skubiszewski’s requests have been implemented. At the same time however, the Chagos Opinion is not fully satisfying as it neglects, to a considerable extent, the human rights issue. This contribution shows that Skubiszewski’s Dissenting Opinion would have provided guidance also for these questions and that it remains as topical today as it was in 1995.
14
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Judicial Review of Security Council Decisions – A Modern Vision of the Administration of Justice?

63%
Richter D.
Polish Yearbook of International Law
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2012
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vol. 32
271-297
EN
The Security Council’s new activism, particularly in the field of “individualized sanctions”, gives impetus to the debate on whether, and to what extent, the most powerful organ of the UN should be subject to judicial review. This article analyses and categorizes the various strategies already employed in international courts, such as, e.g., “denial of justice”, incidental control, full review of implementing acts, the “as-long-as” rule, and various instruments of judicial self-restraint. The author suggests that “jurisdiction”, understood as encompassing the procedural aspects of the problem, should be regarded as a “door-opener” to judicial review. As regards its substantive dimension, the existence of primary responsibilities on both sides (the Security Council and the judiciary) should be taken into consideration. The author demonstrates that the principle of loyalty and cooperation means, on the one hand, respect by the Security Council for judicial review from inside of the UN system, and on the other hand, respect for Security Council prerogatives from external courts. Taking into account the evolution of a duty of loyal cooperation between different systems within the global legal order, and in expectation that the ICJ will defend the international rule of law, we may speak of a “modern vision of the administration of justice.”
15
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Three different actions against Myanmar for genocidal acts and crimes against humanity including deportation

63%
Sałkiewicz-Munnerlyn E.
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2019
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vol. 2
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issue 2(4)
360-368
PL
Artykuł dotyczy trzech różnych rodzajów czynności prawnych przed trzema różnymi sądami, czyli przed Międzynarodowym Trybunałem Sprawiedliwości w Hadze, przed krajowym sądem w Buenos Aires (Argentyna) i przed Międzynarodowym Trybunałem Karnym w Hadze. W sprawie toczącej się przed MTS, Gambia wystąpiła przeciwko Myanmar (Birma) o zarządzenie tymczasowych środków zabezpieczających, aby zapobiec dalszemu popełnianiu zbrodni ludobójstwa; w drugiej sprawie, pozew został złożony przez Birmańską Organizację Rohingya UK (BROUK) w argentyńskim sądzie federalnym w Buenos Aires przeciwko przywódcy Myanmaru Aung San Suu Kyi (laureatce pokojowej nagroda Nobla), byłemu prezydentowi Thein Sein, byłemu prezydentowi Htin Kyaw, obecnemu prezydentowi Birmy Win Myint, a także generałowi Min Aung Hlaing, naczelnemu dowódcy sił zbrojnych Birmy. W trzeciej sprawie, prokurator ograniczyła swoje dochodzenie do przestępstw o charakterze transgranicznym, ponieważ Bangladesz jest państwem-stroną Statutu Rzymskiego. Dotyczą one głównie zbrodni przeciwko ludzkości, w tym deportacji. W dniu 14 listopada 2019 r. Sędziowie III Izby Przygotowawczej Międzynarodowego Trybunału Karnego przychylnie przyjęli wniosek prokuratora o przeprowadzenie dochodzenia w sprawie w Bangladeszu/Myanmar, w sprawie domniemanych przestępstw podlegających jurysdykcji MTK. W pierwszej i drugiej sprawie, zarówno MTS w Hadze jak i sąd federalny Argentyny w Buenos Aires, nie wydały do końca grudnia 2019 r. zarządzeń i wyroków.
EN
The paper concerns three different legal actions before three different judicial authorities, namely the International Court of Justice in The Hague (ICJ), a national court in Buenos Aires (Argentina) and the International Criminal Court in The Hague (ICC). In the first case before the ICJ Gambia brought a case against Myanmar (Burma) as a member of the Organization of Islamic Cooperation requesting, among others, the authorization of interim measures to prevent the commission of further crimes of genocide. In the second case the lawsuit was initiated by the Burmese Organization Rohingya UK (BROUK) and filed with an Argentinian federal court in Buenos Aires against Myanmar leader Aung San Suu Kyi (Recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize!), former President Thein Sein, former President Htin Kyaw, current President of Burma Win Myint, and General Min Aung Hlaing, Supreme Commander of the Burmese Armed Forces. In the third case before the ICC, the Prosecutor limited her investigation to cross-border crimes insofar as Bangladesh is a State Party to the Rome Statute. The charges concern crimes against humanity, including deportation. On 14 November 2019, the Judges of the Third Pre-Trial Chamber of the International Criminal Court authorized the Prosecutor’s request to investigate the case in the Bangladesh/Myanmar situation regarding alleged crimes within the jurisdiction of the ICC. In the first and second cases, both the International Court of Justice in The Hague and the federal court of Argentina in Buenos Aires, have not yet issued their orders and judgments.
16
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Specyfika odpowiedzialności za naruszenia Europejskiej Konwencji Praw Człowieka związane z działalnością nieuznawanych reżimów – analiza orzecznictwa

55%
Zaręba S.
Studia Prawnicze
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2016
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issue 3 (207)
27-66
EN
The aim of the article is to compare the way in which the issue of responsibility for violations related to the acts of unrecognized authorities claiming to be States is treated by the European Court of Human Rights and other international courts, particularly the International Court of Justice and the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia. The article considers in detail the relations between jurisdiction and responsibility, responsibility of parent States (including the concept of “positive obligations”) and responsibility of States which provide assistance to unrecognized regimes (with emphasis put on the concept of “effective control”). The results of the study indicate that the jurisprudence of the European Court differs in several important aspects from decisions of other international courts. These differences, while undoubtedly enhancing the protection of human rights in Europe, contribute to the process of fragmentation of the law of international responsibility.
17
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International and Municipal Law before the World Court: One or Two Legal Orders?

51%
Tomka P., Howley J., Proulx V.-J.
Polish Yearbook of International Law
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2015
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vol. 35
11-46
EN
This article provides an overview of the approach taken by the International Court of Justice and its predecessor, the Permanent Court of International Justice, to questions of municipal law. Beginning with an outline of the theoretical framework, it discusses the conventional position that domestic law is a factual issue for the Court, before considering the ways in which the two Courts have utilised municipal law. It also considers to what extent the Court employs domestic law in ascertaining international legal rules.
18
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Interim measures of protection in the International Court of Justice – order of 16 March 2022 in case Ukraine vs Russia

51%
Sałkiewicz-Munnerlyn E.
Głos Prawa. Przegląd Prawniczy Allerhanda
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2022
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vol. 5
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issue 1 (9)
219-235
EN
This article, which is published in English, examines the ICJ’s order of 16 March 2022 which introduced provisional measures in relation to the application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Ukraine v. Russia). It discusses the criteria necessary for the International Court of Justice to grant provisional measures. The paper is based on the ICJ’s case law, in particular with respect to their binding character, following the judgment in the LaGrand case. The Court explained in that case that its orders on provisional measures are binding. Moreover, the ICJ took into consideration a new requirement – the credibility of protected rights – formulated by the Court for the first time in the case of Belgium v. Senegal.
PL
W artykule przeanalizowano zarządzenie MTS z 16 marca 2022 r. wskazujące środki tymczasowe w sprawie stosowania Konwencji o zapobieganiu i karaniu zbrodni ludobójstwa (Ukraina vs Rosja). Zostały wyjaśnione warunki, przy zaistnieniu których MTS wskazuje tymczasowe środki zabezpieczające, w oparciu o orzecznictwo MTS, szczególnie w odniesieniu do ich mocy wiążącej, po wydaniu wyroku w sprawie LaGrand, w którym Trybunał wyjaśnił, że jego postanowienia dotyczące środków tymczasowych są wiążące. MTS wziął również pod uwagę nowy wymóg – wiarygodności praw chronionych – sformułowany przez Trybunał po raz pierwszy w sprawie Belgia vs Senegal.
19
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Koncepce zločinu genocidia a ozbrojený konflikt na Ukrajině

51%
Mrázek J.
Právník. Teoretický časopis pro otázky státu a práva (The Lawyer - Scientific Review for Problems of State and Law)
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2023
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vol. 162
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issue 3
221-244
EN
The main purpose of this study is to analyse mutual allegation of genocide in the armed conflict in Ukraine under the 1948 Convention on Genocide and indication of provisional measures in this case (Ukraine v. Russian Federation). Other ICJ cases related to Article IX of the Convention and indication of preliminary measures are also mentioned, including by the ICJ refused allegation of genocide, claimed by the FRY in connection with the NATO bombings since 24 March 1999 or allegation from Bosna and Hercegovina against former Yugoslavia (Serbia and Montenegro) in 1993, the jurisdiction of the ICTR in the crime of genocide and other cases. This study discusses in brief history and definition of genocide, the problems of its interpretation and reservations to the convention or criticizes shortcomings in the genocide definition and prosecution. Genocide as an antinomous crime of crimes against humanity requires for its existence two constitutive elements, resting in the objective and subjective factors (actus reus and mens rea). Genocide is also an international crime under international customary law and represents a peremptory norm (jus cogens) of international law. This crime has been incorporated e.g. in the Rome Statute of the ICC. Besides individual criminal responsibility the rules of State responsibility apply for crimes of genocide and other internationaly wrongful acts.
CS
Hlavním cílem článku je analýza vzájemných obvinění ze spáchání genocidy za ozbrojeného konfliktu na Ukrajině na základě Úmluvy o genocidiu z roku 1948 a vydání předběžných opatření MSD v dané kauze (Ukrajina v. Ruská federace). Jiné kauzy vztahující se k článku IX Úmluvy a přijetí předběžných opatření jsou rovněž zmíněny, včetně odmítnutí MSD přijmout předběžná opatření v souvislosti s bombardováním FRJ silami NATO po 24. březnu 1999 nebo obvinění Jugoslávie (Srbsko a Černá Hora) ze strany Bosny a Hercegoviny v roce 1993, jurisdikce ICTR nad zločiny genocidia a dalších kauz. Článek ve stručnosti pojednává o historii a definování genocidy, problémech její interpretace a výhrad k Úmluvě nebo o některých nedostatcích definice a trestního postihu. Genocida je autonomním zločinem mezi zločiny proti lidskosti, který ke svému vzniku vyžaduje dva konstitutivní prvky, spočívající na existenci objektivního a zejména subjektivního faktoru (actus reus a mens rea). Genocida je též zločinem podle mezinárodního obyčejového práva a představuje imperativní normy (jus cogens) mezinárodního práva. Tento zločin byl např. zakotven i v Římském statutu Mezinárodního trestního soudu (ICC). Vedle individuální trestní odpovědnosti existuje za spáchání genocidy a jiných mezinárodně protiprávních činů i odpovědnost států.
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Problemy granic państwowych w postkolonialnej Afryce

51%
Kosidło A.
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2020
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vol. 52
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issue 4
117-142
EN
The problem of borders in Africa is not related to the false fact that they are ‘artificial’ or ‘young’, for in their majority they are older than those of European countries, but to the fact that they were created by Europeans and even today the process of their delimitation, and especially demarcation, has not been completed. Their permanence is confirmed by the accepted principle uti possidetis, emphasised many times in the judgments of the International Court of Justice in Hague and resolutions of the United Nations. Treating borders differently in Africa can lead to territorial revisionism and conflicts, ending even in wars.
PL
Problem granic w Afryce nie wiąże się z nieprawdziwym faktem, iż są one „sztuczne” czy „młode” – jako że są w większości starsze niż granice państw europejskich – ale z tym, iż stanowiły dzieło Europejczyków i że nawet do tej pory nie został jeszcze zakończony proces ich delimitacji, a szczególnie demarkacji. O ich trwałości z kolei świadczy zaakceptowana zasada uti possidetis, podkreślana wielokrotnie w wyrokach Międzynarodowego Trybunału Sprawiedliwości i w rezolucjach ONZ. Inne natomiast traktowanie granic w Afryce może prowadzić do rewizjonizmu terytorialnego i konfliktów, a nawet wojen.
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