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EN
In this paper is considered the issue of the portfolio of contracts for differences (CFD). As far as the standards of contracts traded on the stock exchanges are precisely defined and treated in such a manner that the investor in case of adverse developments for him on the market have the ability to complete the required margin, so transactions on the over the counter (OTC) market do not give an investor such the comfort and can result in an immediate closing open positions with significant losses for the investor. Open CFD positions offered in the OTC market are continuously monitored in terms of fulfilment of the required security deposit (margin) and the investor is responsible for maintaining the necessary assets to fully cover the market risk. Creating a CFD portfolio investor faces a dilemma, what proportion of the funds allocated to the opening position, and which of them leave as a hedge against market risks. The Problem is so complex that many of the CFD is exposed to currency risk. Appropriate funds intended to cover unrealised losses has to secure against a ineffective margin call to supplement the security deposit and unfavourable for the investor closing his position. The work discusses the various measures of market risk exposure used by reputable financial institutions offering contracts on exchange differences on the over the counter market. In addition, proposed several measures to support the portfolio structure of the CFD, taking into account market risk.
EN
In the global financial markets companies are facing the growing role of institutional investors and higher activity of individual investors. Interim reports are the primary source of information about the activities of listed companies and their performance results. This paper will discuss the nature and scope of information presented in the quarterly reports, semi-annual and annual reports. New trends in periodic reporting by public companies arising from investors' expectations will be presented. Interim reports should not only present reliable financial data, but also non-financial information that will enable investors to perform a full analysis of current activities and potential of a given company.
EN
The effects of investment decisions are different. Many studies show that the average investor earns significantly below their expectations, and often even below the market average. The blame for this could be the irrational investors behaviors. The cause of these behaviors are among the others behavioral inclinations. The paper presents methods which show the effects of irrational behavior of investors, as well as methods that allow the verification of behavioral inclinations.
EN
Technological advances and legal conditions in investments in the financial market have created many innovations at the turn of the century. One of the innovations in the financial market are High Frequency Traders (HFT) that have existed since 2005, and since then rapidly have developed its activity, affecting functioning of financial market. As the positive effects of their activities is acknowledged: possibility to increase liquidity and transparency of financial market, as well as enhancing competition between trading venues, which in turn can lead to lower transaction costs. However, the functioning HFT is also connected with dangers associated with the possibility of a decrease in liquidity on the market (in terms of variation), the collapse of the market as a result of a failure or an error on the handling of orders and restriction of competition among financial market investors.
EN
Both the prospect theory as well as the cumulative prospect theory are aimed at explaining the way the decision-maker see and evaluate risky decisions. They allow for the explanation of some inconsistency between observed decision-makers behaviours and axioms of the expected utility theory. For years financial aspects of cumulative prospect theory are the subject of many research studies. The purpose of the paper is to review some issues connected with the cumulative prospect theory and its application to financial market. Presented papers concern issues related to the value functions, concept of loss aversion and the construction of portfolio selection models with some simplifying assumptions. In our paper we also present observed in real life, but often mysterious, behaviours of investors, who evaluate investment choices relative to some reference point, feel loss aversion and revalue objective probabilities.
EN
The company information policy directed to the financial market participants plays a special role in the process of shaping the appropriate, transparent and effective investor relations. It is important to take into account the information about the past performance of the company as well as the prospective information, including value, risk and corporate social responsibility reporting. This paper is focused on the controversial issues related to the company information policy that require further research and analysis.
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