Search results

1

Starość w społeczności kultury wielbarskiej

100%

Chmiel-Chrzanowska M.

Przegląd Archeologiczny

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2016

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vol. 64

111-131

EN

The following paper focuses on an issue of a senilis age understood as a cultural construct in the Wielbark Culture. The main point of an article is not only analysis of a sets of artefacts or features of grave pits belonging to individuals in senilis age, but most of all the possible patterns of senility, which could be fulfilled by the Wielbarkian society. Research on the various age categories from cultural point of view is not easy, especially when it is carried out on the basis of such a specific data as archaeological sources. However, this type of analysis allows us to look at the „subject” of archaeological research from a completely new perspective.

2

Iron Age Metalworking at Masafi-1? A Reconsideration of the Metal Hoards Discovered in the Collective Buildings

100%

Benoist A., Hamel A., Le Carlier C., Degli Esposti M., Goy J.

Études et Travaux (Institut des Cultures Méditerranéennes et Orientales de l’Académie Polonaise des Sciences)

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2023

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issue 36

11-37

EN

Excavations in a series of superimposed Iron Age II collective buildings located at Masafi (Fujairah, UAE) by the French Archaeological Mission in the UAE allowed the discovery of two deposits of copper-base metal items buried in two jars. Copper smelting played a major role in the economy and the society of the region and consistent evidence suggest that it also had a symbolic importance. A summary of the archaeometallurgical study of the items discovered at Masafi is presented here and the context of the two deposits is discussed, in order to reconstruct the nature of these two hoards and the function of the buildings.

3

Motiv und Symbol als Ausdrucksmittel der Bildsprache in der eisenzeitlichen Kunst

88%

Eibner A.

Przegląd Archeologiczny

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2018

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vol. 66

77-136

EN

The main object of this article is the codification of varieties of the problem of depictions by motifs, but also by symbols or ciphers: The first motif to mention is the arrival to the feast by horses and wagons or the processions with animals, of warriors or participants. Secondly, the so-called Epulum is to be named, celebrating, wining and dining, offering food and drink to participants and lovers. As part of the festival, musicians are playing the lyra and blowing the syrinx too, also dancers and a singing man can be seen. Finally, the contests, so-called Agones – „gymnic“ as fist fighting, so-called „Faustkampf“, „hippic“ as horse- and chariot racing, and „music“ as acting perfomance of musicians – are named. But in order to represent the festivities in full complexity on one frieze, the artist has to use ciphers as well.

4

An Archaeological landscape of Sharif Abad (Solgi) settlement area in the Gamasi-Ab River Basin in Central Zagros

88%

NOURALLAHI A.

Historia i Świat

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2022

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issue 11

15-40

EN

Solgi or Sharif Abad tepe (A&B) is one of the larger settlement sites of the Gamasi-Ab river basin in Nahavand plain. This site lies at the intersection of old ancient roads that go from Sahne, Harsin and Kangavar to Nihavand and the other eastern regions. In the study of this area, pottery from the Early Bronze Age (Godin IV-Yanik, Kura-Araxes), pottery related to Godin III, II and pottery of the historical period were obtained. The examination of these pottery artefacts reveals extensive cultural exchanges of the inhabitants of the region with the northwestern and neighboring areas in the Bronze and Iron Ages. In addition, a closer examination of the lifestyle in this settlement area gives us a complete view of these people’s use of biological resources and their interaction with the environment. Among the reasons for the location and development of this settlement in the Bronze and Iron Age the main one was easy access to water resources and fertile agricultural lands. This article provides a brief overview of the geographical situation of the region and the history of archaeological research conducted in Nihavand and then focuses on the natural landscape of Sharif Abad. The next part of it describes the archaeological data from this location and analyzes its chronology. The article is concluded by a succinct summary.

5

Results of a surface survey carried out in Nieprowice, site 5, Pińczów district in 2007–2009

75%

Dulęba P.

Sprawozdania Archeologiczne

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2014

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vol. 66

315–357

EN

In 2007–2009, Site 5 in Nieprowice was covered by a detailed inventory conducted by the archaeologists and students from the Institute of Archaeology, University of Warsaw. The works were carried out in the framework of a research project assuming the verification of settlement sites belonging to the La Tène period. Numerous traces from Neolithic, Bronze Age, Iron Age and Medieval settlements were found. Important discoveries relating to the Pomeranian and La Tène culture, despite the significant progress in the surface surveys of this region, remain relatively rare. The most interesting and the most numerous finds date back to the Roman and Migration period and confirm the existence of the local settlement center, probably inhabited by the elite.

6

Bronze and Iron Age pottery from Metsamor (2018 season)

75%

Iskra M., Zakyan T.

Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean

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2019

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vol. 28(2)

309-326

EN

A rich and diverse pottery assemblage from the Middle Bronze Age through the Urartian Red Polished Ware and local “post-Urartian ware” of the Iron III period comes from occupational deposits discovered within the lower town of Metsamor during fieldwork in 2018. The stone architecture recorded in this sector functioned in the first half of the 1st millennium BC. The pottery finds thus represent periods from Iron I to Iron III, for the first time producing a detailed sequence for the previously less than satisfactorily documented Iron I phase. New types of pottery were also distinguished for the Urartian and post-Urartian phases.

7

Tradition and Innovation in Textile Technology in Bronze Age Europe and the Mediterranean

75%

Ulanowska A., Siennicka M.

Światowit

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2017

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vol. 56(1)

9-12

EN

The papers collected in the present volume of the ‘Światowit’ journal examine developments in textile production in Bronze and Iron Age Europe and the Mediterranean by tracing both traditional and innovative elements in textile technology. The issue comprises 11 original contributions that resulted from the session ‘Tradition and Innovation in Textile Technology in Bronze Age Europe and the Mediterranean’ organised in 2016 by Agata Ulanowska and Małgorzata Siennicka during the 22nd Annual Meeting of the European Association of Archaeologists in Vilnius. The papers discuss available archaeological evidence of textiles, textile imprints, textile tools and textile iconography, as well as botanical and faunal remains related to textile manufacture and dyeing. The papers examine the types of social relations and cultural and economic processes which may have enhanced developments in textile technology and impacted on cross-cultural transmission of textile knowledge and skills in the Bronze and Iron Ages.

8

Scapulae – Kultgeräte, Werkzeuge oder Votivgaben?

75%

Elkowicz D.

Études et Travaux (Institut des Cultures Méditerranéennes et Orientales de l’Académie Polonaise des Sciences)

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2014

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issue 27

121–127

EN

The paper attempts to show the chronology, regional distribution and function of notched animal scapulae (shoulder blades). Before the Iron Age, notched animal scapulae appear only sporadically in the southern Levant: in the Upper Palaeolithic Hayonim Cave; at Neolithic Atlit Yam and Jericho; and at the Chalcolithic site of Tell Turmus, and they are totally absent in the Bronze Age sites. Notched scapulae appear mostly in the Iron Age I and the largest group of these objects found in Palestine comes from Ekron. At least one example was found in a residential area of Ashkelon. Three notched scapulae were found at Tel Dor, although none in a clear stratified context. An incised scapula was found also in Tel Kinrot. The four Tell es-Safi/Gath scapulae, which date to the Iron Age IIA, are the latest in the sequence. Some scholars believe that notched scapulae were used in divination rites of scapulomancy or omoplatoscopy; others authors suggest that notched scapulae were used as musical instruments – as rasps or scrapers. Others still proposed that these artifacts were used for account-keeping of commodities produced for cultic use or brought to the cultic place as offerings or taxes. Another option is that they were used as a part of a loom. Since the exact function and meaning of scapulae is difficult to ascertain, a new hypothesis concerning their function is proposed: because many of them were found in cultic context, it is possible that they could have been used as votive objects.

9

Arrowheads in the cultural-historical property repository of the Administration of Cultural Heritage of Kerman. An Introduction

75%

KHONSARINEJAD E., RIAHIYAN GOHORTI R., TAVAKOLI S.

Historia i Świat

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2023

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issue 12

73–96

EN

In this paper, the authors have examined 94 unprovenanced arrowheads (tanged and socketed) that are stored in the cultural historical property repository of the Administration of Cultural Heritage of Kerman Province (Southeastern Iran). The illlegal possessors claimed to have discovered the arrowheads via illegal diggings in the Kerman Province. Most of the examined arrowheads were probably designed for warfare and are comparable to findings within current borders of Iran or its vicinity. Most of the tanged arrowheads probably date to the Iron Age of Iran (1450-550 B.C.). Most of the trilobate arrowheads can be compared to the findings of Achaemenid sites or resemble items that have been excavated from layers associated with the Achaemenids. Some of the Bronze Age arrowheads, however, could not be compared with any items that have been recovered from Iran or its neighboring regions.

10

Nástenná uhľová značka z doby železnej v jaskyni Číkova diera v Slovenskom krase

75%

Šefčáková A., Igor B.

Zborník Slovenského národného múzea Archeológia

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2022

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issue 116

71-79

EN

Phenomena like charcoal abrasion marks from torches, simple drawings or signs on the walls of Slovak caves were noticed already at the beginning of the 20th century; and, of course, archaeologists and other researchers have paid their attention to them even later. In the course of previous years, the walls of several caves were studied, notably in the Slovak Karst area. In certain cases, they have found charcoal traces and – amongst them – one with the shape of a simple sign even in the Číkova diera cave. Despite the very subtle charcoal layer, it has been possible to date the drawing through a special method focused on extremely small samples in the ANSTO laboratory in Australia (the Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation). The result of dating brings us back to Iron Age – or more specifically to the Early La Tène Period (according to calibration median), by confirming that the cave was back then visited by humans, despite the fact that no archaeological finds were discovered.

11

A “Priestesses from Marvinci” or a “Harnessed Wife”? Semiotics of the Iron Age Cheek-Pieces from the Group of “Macedonian Bronzes”

65%

Чаусидис Н.

Poznańskie Studia Slawistyczne

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2017

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issue 13

PL

The main reason for this study are the bronze objects found on the body of a woman (supposedly a “priestess”) from an Iron Age grave (VII century BC) from Marvinci in the Republic of Macedonia. There has also been a bronze statue recently presented in a public space in Skopje, as a contemporary art interpretation of this archeological finding. The main focus of this article is a semiotic analysis of arch-shaped bronze elements from this grave. Based on the form of similar finds from Europe they are defined as cheek-pieces i.e. elements of the reins for horse riding, but in Macedonia they have been used in another function – as female jewelry or as handles of a specific ritual implement. The study suggests overcoming of these contradictions through the following semiotic relations: a girl/mare + equipment for riding = a harnessed mare/wife, i.e. the use of these objects as symbols of a “wild woman” who is transferred from the sphere of “natural” to the sphere of “cultural” through the act of marriage, becoming a “tamed/a domesticated wife”. Within the same relationship the following paradigm is proposed (husband = ruler: wife = subject). Several facts are stated in the argumentation of this relationship: the mythological and ritual traditions based on ancient written sources; a ritual tradition of Slavic and Balkan folklore; a Slavic and ancient Greek lexeme with the meaning husband and wife whose etymology is based on the meaning of harnessed. This semiotic relation offers a possible key for the interpretation of the twenty bronze statues of horsemen placed in the last three years in the capital of the Republic of Macedonia, as part of the project “Skopje 2014”.

12

The Frontier Studies. Survey of the Northern Part of the Lake Ohrid Basin, Preliminary Report on the Season 2017

63%

Weissová B., Tušlová P., Ardjanliev P., Verčík M.

Studia Hercynia

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2018

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vol. 22

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issue 1

99-133

EN

The Frontier Studies is an international research project centred on the city of Ohrid and its environs, located on the northern shore of the homonymous lake at the present frontier of Albania and the Republic of Mac‑ edonia (FYROM). Since its establishment in 2017, the project has been undertaken as a cooperative effort between researchers from Charles University in Prague and the Archaeological Museum of Macedonia. The aim of the first season was an extensive, trial field survey to unlock the historical landscape and to evaluate the dynamics of the habitation patterns in the region diachronically.

13

The Mun Valley and Central Thailand in prehistory: integrating two cultural sequences

63%

Higham C. F., Rispoli F.

Open Archaeology

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2014

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vol. 1

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issue 1

EN

This paper compares the later prehistory in two regions of Thailand. The Mun Valley lies on the eastern side of the Phetchabun Range, the Lopburi Region (LR) to the west. They are linked by a major pass. While the Lopburi area is rich in copper ore, the Mun Valley has none. Quality salt is abundantly available in the Mun Valley but less so in the LR. This study explores the inter-relationships between the areas over a period of 2300 years which sharpens our understanding of both, and presents explanations and possibilities in the context of cultural transmission theories. Neolithic farmers with ultimate origins in China, arrived in the first half of the second millennium BC. Widespread exchange in prestige goods was a factor in the adoption of copper-base metallurgy in the late 11th century BC, when the LR became a producer, the Mun Valley an importer. With the Iron Age, (from about 500 BC), sites grew in size. During the course of this period, gold, silver, agate, carnelian and glass ornaments were ritually placed with dead elites. It is in these powerful and wealthy Iron Age communities that we can identify the early transition into states with population growth, agricultural intensification, conflict and increased production and competition over salt and metal for exchange.

14

Loom weights – a general typology of finds from Poland

63%

Słomska J.

Przegląd Archeologiczny

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2019

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vol. 67

89-99

EN

This article presents a proposal for the general classification of loom weights used as elements of the warp-weighted loom, which is the oldest and longest used tool for the production of fabrics. Loom weights entail that loom’s only archaeologically perceptible remains. Despite this, they do not enjoy the particular interest of Polish researchers, which is reflected in their lack of typological systematization. This article aims to correct this state of affairs.

15

Settlement history of Iraqi Kurdistan: an assessment halfway into the project

63%

Koliński R.

Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean

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2017

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vol. 26(1)

579-590

EN

The objectives of the “Settlement history of Iraqi Kurdistan” project include the identification and recording of archaeological sites and other heritage monuments across an area of more than 3000 km2 located on both banks of the Greater Zab river, north of Erbil. A full survey of the western bank was carried out over three field seasons, in 2013, 2014 and 2015 (leaving the Erbil/Haūler province to be studied in the next two seasons). To date, at least 147 archaeological sites dating from the early Neolithic Hassuna culture to late Ottoman times have been registered. Moreover, the project documented 39 architectural monuments, as well as the oldest rock reliefs in Mesopotamia dating from the mid 3rd millennium BC, located in the village of Gūnduk. Altogether 91 caves and rock shelters were visited in search of Paleolithic and Pre-Pottery Neolithic remains. The paper is an interim assessment of the results halfway into the project, showing the trends and illuminating gaps in the current knowledge.

16

The Phenomenon of Burying Women with Weapons in Iron Age Poland: Tactical, social and funerary considerations

63%

Bochnak T.

Ido Movement for Culture. Journal of Martial Arts Anthropology

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2020

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vol. 20

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issue 1

1-13

EN

Aim. This article focuses on the phenomenon of military items buried with individuals anthropologically identified as female. While the body of sources informing the analysis of this archaeological phenomenon have already been presented in a separate article [Bochnak 2010], this publication will discuss the possible lines of interpretation for such finds and attempt to explain them. Is the presence of military items in the graves of women enough to posit that warrior-women did exist in the Iron Age? Or perhaps, should it perhaps be viewed as an expression of other customs, not necessarily indicative of women actually wielding arms, barring exceptional cases? Methods. The article discusses both ancient and early mediaeval written sources mentioning women taking part in combat in the context of Central Europe [Cassius Dio, Vita Aureliani, Jordanes, Getica , Isidore of Seville, Etymologiæ, Paul the Deacon, Historia Langobardorum and Liutprandi Leges]. It is possible that at least some of these mentions pertain to extraordinary situationsrequiring all members of a local community capable of bearing arms to fight. For the Germanic peoples, the idea of armed women would not have been improper or offensive. The figure of the Valkyries – the fierce mythical daughters of Odin – should be testament enough. Nevertheless, all the above sources speak of territories which were either close to the borders of the Roman Empire or the location of which are not strictly defined. Sadly, we do not possess any similar sources confirming the existence of female fighters north of the Carpathians in the younger pre-Roman and Roman period. To demonstrate warrior women did exist, we first need to consider the social implications of the phenomenon, as well as the tactical advantages this may have entailed. Accounts of female warriors mainly describe communities which preferred ranged weapons over hand-to-hand combat, as was often the case among nomadic peoples. Cavalry formations were especially common in the steppes of Eurasia or America but both Central and Western Europe lacked the swathes of open space for such tactics to take hold. While the Germanic social order did allow women to assume prestigious functions, for example as envoys, it does not necessarily follow that these women would have enjoyed the privilege of carrying arms. Results & Conclusions. It seems more likely that the weapons discovered in graves did not belong to the deceased as such but were a form of funerary offerings or gifts. They may have served a magical purpose of some sort or were perhaps an expression of respect for the buried women. And even though women of the Przeworsk culture may have occasionally participated in armed combat, there is little evidence that they may be called warrior- women in the proper sense.

PL

Cel. Tematem artykułu jest fenomen składania militariów do grobów, w których, według wyników analiz antropologicznych, złożono kobiety. Baza źródłowa wraz z archeologiczną analizą tego zjawiska została omówiona w odrębnym artykule [Bochnak 2010]. W niniejszym tekście przestawiono możliwe interpretacje samej natury tego zjawiska. Czy militaria w grobach kobiecych rzeczywiście mogą być traktowane jako dowód istnienia kobiet- wojowniczek? A może występowanie broni w grobach jest odbiciem innych zwyczajów, a kobiety – poza zupełnie wyjątkowymi przypadkami – nie posługiwały się bronią? Metoda. W artykule omówiono antyczne i wczesnośredniowieczne źródła pisane wzmiankujące walczące kobiety w Europie Środkowej [Kasjusz Dion, Vita Aureliani, Jordanes, Izydor z Sewilli, Paweł Diakon, oraz Liutprandi Leges]. Być może część wzmianek dotyczy wyjątkowych sytuacji, kiedy do boju stawali wszyscy zdolni do walki członkowie lokalnej społeczności. Dla samych Germanów obraz zbrojnej kobiety nie był czymś nieprzyzwoitym lub bluźnierczym – świadczy o tym koncepcja walkirii – mitologicznych zbrojnych córek Odyna. Tym niemniej, wszystkie wymienione źródła dotyczą terenów bliższych granicom Imperium Romanum lub nie są dokładnie lokalizowane i nie dysponujemy żadnymi źródłami pisanymi potwierdzającymi obecność uzbrojonych kobiet w młodszym okresie przedrzymskim i w okresie wpływów rzymskich na terenach położonych na północ od Karpat. Aby wykazać istnienie kobiet-wojowniczek należy w pierwszym rzędzie uwzględnić względy taktyczne przemawiającymi za udziałem kobiet w walce oraz uwarunkowania społeczne. Fenomen kobiet- wojowniczek jest spotykany przede wszystkim w społeczeństwach preferujących walkę na dystans – tak jak często ma to miejsce u koczowników. Formacje konnych jeźdźców są typowe dla obszarów stepowych – Eurazji lub Ameryki, natomiast w Europie Środkowej i Zachodniej, gdzie brak było szerokich, otwartych przestrzeni, taki sposób walki nigdy nie był popularny. Uwarunkowania społeczne u Germanów dopuszczały wysoką pozycję kobiet; były one np. członkiniami poselstw, jednak nie musiało się to łączyć z przywilejem noszenia broni. Wnioski i podsumowanie. Prawdopodobnie broń w pochówkach kobiet nie była ich własnością prywatną, a została dodana jako dar grobowy. Motywem mogło być zarówno działanie magiczne, jak i przekonanie, że z jakiegoś powodu zmarła jest godna takiego daru. W niektórych przypadkach kobiety kultury przeworskiej mogły doraźnie posługiwać się bronią, lecz nie możemy nazywać ich wojowniczkami.

17

Iron Age fibulae in the museum of Şanlıurfa

63%

Laflı E., Buora M.

Folia Orientalia

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2019

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vol. LVI

Refine search results

Starość w społeczności kultury wielbarskiej

Iron Age Metalworking at Masafi-1? A Reconsideration of the Metal Hoards Discovered in the Collective Buildings

Motiv und Symbol als Ausdrucksmittel der Bildsprache in der eisenzeitlichen Kunst

An Archaeological landscape of Sharif Abad (Solgi) settlement area in the Gamasi-Ab River Basin in Central Zagros

Results of a surface survey carried out in Nieprowice, site 5, Pińczów district in 2007–2009

Bronze and Iron Age pottery from Metsamor (2018 season)

Tradition and Innovation in Textile Technology in Bronze Age Europe and the Mediterranean

Scapulae – Kultgeräte, Werkzeuge oder Votivgaben?

Arrowheads in the cultural-historical property repository of the Administration of Cultural Heritage of Kerman. An Introduction

Nástenná uhľová značka z doby železnej v jaskyni Číkova diera v Slovenskom krase

A “Priestesses from Marvinci” or a “Harnessed Wife”? Semiotics of the Iron Age Cheek-Pieces from the Group of “Macedonian Bronzes”

The Frontier Studies. Survey of the Northern Part of the Lake Ohrid Basin, Preliminary Report on the Season 2017

The Mun Valley and Central Thailand in prehistory: integrating two cultural sequences

Loom weights – a general typology of finds from Poland

Settlement history of Iraqi Kurdistan: an assessment halfway into the project

The Phenomenon of Burying Women with Weapons in Iron Age Poland: Tactical, social and funerary considerations

Iron Age fibulae in the museum of Şanlıurfa