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1

Russian Manoeuvres in the Dark

100%
Machnikowski R.
The Polish Quarterly of International Affairs
|
2015
|
issue 4
27-33
EN
Russia’s “assertiveness” in defending its interests, be it in Ukraine or Syria, should not come as a surprise because this mood is perceived by the Kremlin as a necessary tool in a world in which many states turn to military might to forward their vital interests. Through his actions, President Putin wants to convince both external actors as well as his own population that the reckless ignorance of Russia’s vast interests will only lead to more chaos. The sudden emergence of the Islamic State in the summer of 2014 gave Russia the perfect pretext for a military intervention that could be presented to both the international and home public under the banner of “joining the anti-IS alliance.” In so doing, Russia wanted to create the impression that there was no rift between itself and the West. Russia’s “gambit” in Syria brought immediate propaganda results for President Putin—domestic public support for him skyrocketed once again as it did after the triumphant seizure of Crimea.
2
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The Islamic State as a result of US-invasion of Iraq in 2003 and its subsequent occupation as well as defects in the contemporary international order

100%
Dudek D.
Securitologia
|
2015
|
issue 2 (22)
145-166
EN
In the Author's opinion, Iraq - under the American occupation or political control - constituted a perfect base or a bridgehead of influences for the United States in the region (with potential sortie base to carry out its own activities, as well as those of allied intelligence agencies, in order to keep under surveillance terrorist groups). Is it possible, that the United States renounced 'altruistically' or 'honourably' such an opportunity, and despite the reports and warnings was surprised with the occurrence of the Islamic State? The Author puts in her study the following research question: "Was conducting a military invasion possible (and whether it is still potentially possible) in such a way, which would have effectively implemented a stable and democratic government in Iraq after taking full political control over it?''
3
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The Islamic State as a Potential Threat to the National Security of the People’s Republic of China

100%
Adamczyk M.
Historia i Polityka
|
2019
|
issue 30 (37)
131-145
EN
This paper is devoted to the analysis of the threat that the activities of the Islamic State may pose to the national security of China. The article briefly describes the history of the establishment of ISIS and the functioning of the organization. The author also analyses the issues of classification of Daesh as a specific subject of international relations. In the next part of the article, the problem of recruitment of foreign fighters into the ranks of IS is discussed. It seems that it is the Chinese Xinjiang terrorists, who have had a time of fighting in the ranks of ISIS, that may pose a major threat to internal security and foreign interests of the PRC. The research problems for which answers can be found in this work are questions about the nature of the possible threat that the Islamic State may pose to the PRC. Is this threat still relevant after the inevitable destruction of the IS in Syria and Iraq in 2019? The present research has been carried out using the analysis and synthesis of secondary research material in the form of scientific studies and source texts. The research will use the historical method and, to a lesser extent, the analogy and quantitative approach.
4
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WHICH CHANGES IN THE FUNCTIONING AND ORGANIZATION OF THE PRIVATE SECURITY INDUSTRY AFFECT THE POLISH NATIONAL SECURITY – CONCLUSIONS FROM THE RESEARCH

100%
Czop A.
Kultura Bezpieczeństwa. Nauka – Praktyka – Refleksje
|
2015
|
vol. 19(19)
58-77
EN
The author of the article indicates on the necessity to involve all elements of the national safety system in prevention from dangers resulting from dynamic geopolitical systems changes. Incidents like Crimea’s occupation by Russian army, war in Donbas and huge exodus of refugees from Middle East countries caused by war in Syria and offensive of Islamic State determine international relations in negative way. A. Czop reminds that 5200 security agencies operate in Poland, which employ 114 thousands of qualified security guards and 18 thousands qualified technical workers. About 300 thousands people are employed in private security sector in total. This should be treated as an essential element of national safety system. The author presents proposals of legislative, functional, organisational and economic changes, which may improve the effective utilization of security agencies in national safety system. The proposals results from the author’s study on the safety system and are amongst interest of National Security Agency.
5
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Trapped within the law. Will the Kurdish Jews return to their homeland?

88%
Graczyk A.
Przegląd Narodowościowy – Review of Nationalities
|
2018
|
vol. 8
157-166
EN
Jews have lived in Iraq and Kurdistan for thousands of years. The vision of the founding of the State of Israel and the emergence of the Nazi ideology in Europe caused that the participation of Jews in social and cultural life and contribution to the development of education and the economy in Iraq ceased to have meaning. The strong influence of Nazi and anti-Zionist ideology led to discrimination and persecution of the Jewish minority in this country. The effect of this was the establishment of laws in the 1950s, which in exchange for permission to travel to Israel deprived Jews of Iraqi citizenship. Nowadays, the legal situation in Iraq and Iraqi Kurdistan has changed aTher the overthrow of Saddam Hussein’s regime. Currently, Kurdish law allows the appointment of representatives of ethnic and religious minorities, the creation of a cultural centres and the reconstruction of important places of worship, as well as obtaining compensation for lost property as a result of repression of previous Iraqi governments. However, the Iraqi New Constitution of 2005 and the Act of 2006, superior to Kurdish law, provide the opportunity to return and regain citizenship to those who lost it, but the exception is Jews who renounced their citizenship on the basis of the 1950 and 1952 laws. Despite the still strong ties with Iraq and Arab culture, Jews, especially Israeli, are deprived of the opportunity to return, regain their citizenship and claim their right to lost property.
6
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Caliphate Calls to Arms. European ISIS Fighters in the Light of Sociological Analysis

88%
Wojtasik K., Szczepański M. S.
Security Dimensions: International & National Studies
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2017
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vol. 21(21)
118-129
EN
The article concerns European volunteers travelling to Iraq and Syria to participate in armed jihad. It includes an analysis of propaganda materials prepared for potential ISIS fighters from Europe and the broadly understood West and the characterisation of the type of motives leading to the decision to travel to the territories occupied by the so-called Islamic State (the Caliphate). The theoretical system of reference was based on push-pull model combined with the cost-benefit theory which allowed to analyse this phenomenon in the context of the most popular theories of migration.
7
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COVID-19 as a Green Light for the Regeneration of ISIS’ Forces in North-East Syria

88%
Schaefer O.
Polish Political Science Yearbook
|
2022
|
issue 2 (51)
90-95
EN
Following the fall of the so-called Islamic State in March 2019, tens of thousands of its fighters, along with their wives and children, were captured and detained in facilities controlled by Syrian Democratic Forces in northeast Syria. Many of which were European. Based on the information provided by scientific institutes and journalists, the outbreak of the Covid-19 pandemic had had a significant impact on the functioning of those facilities. Not only did it aggravate an already severe humanitarian crisis, pushing the detainees to reinforce their attempts of escaping and rioting against the guards, but it also lowered the security level in the controlled facilities, allowing a flourishing of criminal activities. Furthermore, the detainment of ISIS followers turned into a political game between the Kurdish coalition and the United States. The global health crisis put to the test the strategy of many Western governments of keeping European ISIS fighters in the Middle East while pressuring the international community to rethink its approach towards this crescent problem.
8
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Państwo Islamskie przeciw systemowi światowemu

88%
Sawiński K.
Polonia Journal
|
2022
|
issue 15
109-142
EN
The world system, understood as one organism, from time to time experiences an attack by “microorganisms” interested in its annihilation or at least in its weakening. A few years ago, this role was played by the Islamic State, with the goal of fighting the rotten, hypocritical and injust international system. According to the Islamists, this system included all countries of the world, as well as Muslims who did not swear allegiance to the Caliph Baghdadi. The Islamic State was a state entity completely different from any other country in the world. It was not recognized by anyone, it was not a member of the United Nations, or any existing international organization. Even though, as a state, it was not recognized by anyone, Daesh was recognized by everyone as a terrorist organization that should be exemplarily and comprehensively annihilated. The ideology used by the Islamic State was Salafism as an apocalyptic response to the injustice and lie of the “system”. Poverty, the lack of a radical and comprehensive ideological alternative for people who are excluded, angry at the lack of perspectives, meaninglessness, double standards and hypocrisy have fueled the Islamists. Utopism for complete equality resembled the first Bolsheviks or early Christians, with the motto “there is no Greek or Jew”. The Islamic State, driven by Salafism, has thrown down the gauntlet to the world order, largely created by the West. This time the world system defeated the “microbes” that were attacking it. Its “guardians”: politicians, journalists, philosophers and religious leaders should, however, think deeply about the condition of the “immune system” for the future, re-evaluate some of the ways of functioning and the dominant norms that govern the system, because successive victories over successive “microbes” in changing civilisational conditions are not at all obvious.
9
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LIBYA – SOMALIA AT THE GATES

75%
Marsai V., Kopcewicz G., Olszanecka N., Urbański D., Piechowiak-Lamparska J., Bryc A., Bojarczyk B., Jorgensen F. A. E., Niedziołka D., Pacześniak A., Potorski R., Wincławska M., Włodkowska-Bagan A., Jeran A., Mol A., Solsbery A., Dąbrowska I., Głodkowski M., Kopcewicz G., Olszanecka N., Piechowiak-Lamparska J.
The Copernicus Journal of Political Studies
|
2015
|
issue 1 (7)
PL
Since the collapse of the Gaddafi regime and the end of NATO-led Operation Unified Protector, the security situation in Libya has deteriorated significantly. Lacking comprehensive post-conflict stabilisation and state-building, the country has become a de facto failed state which made the rise of different Jihadists groups possible. In comparison with the history of al-Shabaab on the Horn of Africa, it seems that the country is on a good way to become a new Somalia. This analysis examines which similarities can be discovered in the two crises. It will not explore the conflict in Somalia and Libya in details, but the paper will focus on the main parallel aspects of them. These will be the lack of strong basics, namely functioning central government and national identity, which easily led to the collapse of the state; the missed post-conflict stabilisation, which is the historical responsibility of both local and international actors; the deepening and atomized conflict which covered the interests of only a tight elite; and the rise of radical Islamists, who offered universal solutions for the woe of the neglected citizens
10
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The Struggle Against Global Terrorism as an Expression of a Clash Between Civilisat ions

75%
NAGAR N. B.
Przegląd Strategiczny
|
2018
|
issue 11
249-262
EN
The struggle against global terrorism is taking place, and it is between civilizations. It is a war against radical international terror, which is attempting to change the world order and is sowing fear among both citizens and governments. Huntington maintains that people can re define their identity and consequently the boundaries and compositions of civilizations change. The phenomenon of the ‘Islamic State’ illustrates this. There is a cultural difference between civilizations that support Islamic terror, which tramples individual rights, and Western civilizations that are dedicated to pluralism and democracy. The Western world for already seven decades has been under attack by international terrorism, and the peak is the phenomenon of the ‘Islamic State’, which began in the Middle East and now is attacking Europe, and not just Europe. A difficult global war is being waged, and it is necessary to find an effective response to the threat. This response will include a multi-system strategy that addresses ideology, media, financing, and operational activity, including the handling of European residents who joined the ranks of the Islamic State and acquired operational experience, returned to Europe, and constitute an infrastructure of terrorism and terrorist attacks. The integration of forces and resources, significant operational activity, and legislative changes that curtail individual liberties, in cooperation with the moderate Muslim population, will enable the West and Europe to defeat the terrorist entities that trample in all ways the fundamental values of humanity and human life.
11
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Interesy narodowe Federacji Rosyjskiej w Syrii na tle rosyjskiej interwencji w 2015 roku

75%
Skuczyński M.
Przegląd Strategiczny
|
2016
|
issue 9
91-104
PL
On September 2015 Russian Federation began intervention in Syria acting on behalf of Bassâr al-’Assad against Islamic State and other rebels who are fighting against Syria Arab Republic. This decision had been influenced by Russia’s objective reasons as well by particular interests of its administration. The main aim o f this article is to analyze national interests regarding Russian Federation’s intervention in Syria which are defined by author as: survival o f the state, political autonomy, economic prosperity and sense o f self-esteem o f state-society complex. The author also discusses particular interests o f Russian administration which he considers as being in accordance with national interests. Threads mentioned in the article consists of: historic relations between states, economic interests, an impact o f the intervention on Russian internal and foreign policy, the seaport in Tartüs and Russian citizens in Syria.
12
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The American Military Strategy to Combat the ‘Islamic State’ in Iraq and Syria: Assumptions, Tactics and Effectiveness

75%
Waśko-Owsiejczuk E.
Polish Political Science Yearbook
|
2016
|
vol. 45
317–336
EN
The American strategy to combat the ‘Islamic State’ rests on four pillars. The first is to conduct systematic air campaigns against the terrorists. The second involves increasing support for forces fighting the jihadists on the ground. The third is based on the strengthening of international cooperation in counter–terrorism operations. The fourth involves the provision of humanitarian aid to civilians displaced from the territories occupied by the jihadists. This article analyzes the assumptions, tactics, the most important decisions and actions of the American administration to combat the ‘Islamic State’. It is an attempt to provide answers to the questions: why has there been a growth of extremism in the Middle East? Why is the ‘Islamic State’ a new form of terrorist threat? How does it differ from other terrorist organizations? How was the ‘Islamic State’ created? What actions have been taken by the international coalition led by the United States in the fight against the jihadists in the Middle East? Is the strategy taken up by the United States effective? Does the defeat of the ‘Islamic State’ require the involvement of US ground forces in Iraq and Syria?
13
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THREATS OF MODERN TERRORIST ORGANIZATIONS AND STATE SPONSORED TERRORISM - THE CASE OF ISLAMIC STATE

75%
SHEHATA S.
Kultura Bezpieczeństwa. Nauka – Praktyka – Refleksje
|
2015
|
vol. 19(19)
216-233
EN
Since the appearance of the so-called Islamic State, the world is encountering a terrorist organization with an outreach and operational model never before witnessed. With its unprecedented financial power, the theme of state-sponsored terrorism is resurfacing taking into consideration its possible correlation to the inexplicable domination of IS to the theatre of modern terrorism. In light of the existing threat posed by IS, and its expected proliferation in the foreseeable future, discussions on means to combat this phenomenon should attract more attention on academic, political, and social levels, with the hope of finding a comprehensive long-lasting remedy for this highly contagious plague.
14
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“Islamic State” as a new form of international terrorism

75%
Kocoń S.
Kultura Bezpieczeństwa. Nauka – Praktyka – Refleksje
|
2018
|
vol. 31(31)
105-118
EN
The purpose of the following article is to provide details regarding the foundation, expansion, ideology, strategy and mindset of the Islamic State. The article examines the current situation in Syria, a failed state, and Iraq. Furthermore, the complex geopolitical situation of the entire Middle East region, as well as, significant problems which ISIS poses worldwide have been discussed thoroughly. Finally, new areas of operation, possible threats, but also the whole new operational framework contemporary terrorist organizations or their affiliates may use, have been taken into consideration.
15
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WPŁYW CZYNNIKÓW WEWNĘTRZNYCH I ZEWNĘTRZNYCH NA ROZWÓJ TERRORYZMU W AZJI CENTRALNEJ

71%
Fiedler R.
Przegląd Strategiczny
|
2017
|
issue 10
307-318
EN
In Central Asia co-occur external and internal factors, which are having impact on terrorism rise. Particularly neighborhood with Afghanistan and Pakistan enables a specific environment for a net connections and collaboration for radical groups. The Fergana Valley is an example of internal factors effect. The problem of poverty, lack of infrastructure and ethnic conflicts ease radicalism and terrorism rise.
PL
W Azji Centralnej współwystępują czynniki zewnętrze, jak i wewnętrzne mające wpływ na rozwój terroryzmu. Szczególne sąsiedztwo z Afganistanem, jak i Pakistanem umożliwiają tworzenie sieci powiązań pomiędzy różnymi grupami. Kotlina Fergańska stanowi przykład czynników wewnętrznych, takich jak ubóstwo, brak odpowiedniej infrastruktury oraz konflikty etniczne jako odpowiedni grunt dla rozwoju terroryzmu.
16
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Boko Haram – the Evolution of Jihad Activity in Nigeria 2015–2019

71%
Wejkszner A.
Przegląd Strategiczny
|
2020
|
issue 13
349-360
PL
W niniejszym artykule analizie poddano genezę i ewolucję Boko Haram – nigeryjskiej organizacji dżihadystycznej, która od marca 2015 r. walczy pod flagą Państwa Islamskiego. Szczególny nacisk położono na identyfikację kluczowych zmian o charakterze ideologicznym, taktycznym, a także w zakresie celów strategicznych, co pozwoliło na bardziej wnikliwe wejrzenie w przebieg procesu ewolucji Boko Haram. Ewolucja aktywności dżihadystycznej wspomnianej organizacji obejmowała przynajmniej dwie płaszczyzny: po pierwsze – skrajną radykalizację walki paramilitarnej manifestującą się w szczególności w masakrach ludności cywilnej na obszarach wiejskich; po drugie – feminizację aktywności dżihadystycznej, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem przymusowego udziału młodych kobiet w samobójczych zamachach bombowych. Analiza faktografii zawartej w artykule miała miejsce w oparciu o jedną z jakoś ciowych metod naukowych w postaci studium przypadku. Głównym powodem jej zastosowania była konieczność prześledzenia wspomnianych wyżej zmian w zakresie aktywności terrorystów islamskich we wzmiankowanych w tytule artykułu cezurach czasowych.
EN
This article analyzes the rise and evolution of Boko Haram, a Nigerian jihadist organization operating since March 2015 under the banner of Islamic State. The key changes in the ideology, tactics, and goals of Boko Haram have been identified providing in-depth insight into how and why the organization has evolved. The evolution of jihadist activity of Boko Haram included at least two dimensions: firstly – the extreme radicalization of paramilitary struggle manifested in the massacres of civilians in rural areas; and secondly – the feminization of jihadist activity with special regard to the involuntary participation of young women in suicide bombings. The analysis of the facts discussed in the article is based on one of the qualitative scientific methods, namely case study. The main reason to apply this method is the need to investigate the above-mentioned changes in the activity of Islamic terrorists within the time limits indicated in the title of the article.
17
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Od kalifatu do Państwa Islamskiego. Historia i teraźniejszość w aktualnej sytuacji w Iraku

63%
Piwko A. M.
Nurt SVD
|
2016
|
issue 1
93-110
PL
Artykuł jest próbą ukazania historii idei kalifatu wraz z osobą kalifa oraz jej adaptacji do warunków 2014 roku przez władze samozwańczego Państwa Islamskiego. Zniesienie religijnej władzy zwierzchniej przez Kemala Mustafę w 1924 roku zapoczątkowało usilne dążenia społeczności muzułmańskiej do ponownego jego ustanowienia. Aktualna sytuacja w Iraku i północno-wschodniej Syrii jest dramatyczna, bowiem nastąpiło wypaczenie tradycyjnych idei religijnych, wynikających z islamu. Elementem najważniejszym stał się odwet na znienawidzonym świecie zachodnim i próba przejęcia dominacji nad światem poprzez zniszczenie wszystkiego, co nie należy do islamu. Niemal każdego dnia opinia publiczna dowiaduje się o kolejnych mordach na jeńcach lub wyznawcach innych religii, a także o szarganiu godności drugiego człowieka. I wszystko to w imię Boże.
EN
The article presents the history of the idea of a caliphate and a caliph and its appropriation by the self-proclaimed Islamic State in 2014. The abolition of the religious power in 1924 by Kemal Mustafa prompted Muslim community to demand its reestablishment. The present situation in Iraq and Northeast Syria is dramatic. Islamic traditional religious ideas have been distorted. Their place has been taken by the desire to take revenge on the hateful West, destroy all un-Islamic things and dominate the world. Hardly a day passes without a murder of war prisoners or adherents of other religions being in the news. Human dignity is daily violated, too. And all in the name of God.
18
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Is this the Collapse of Islamic State? The Evolution of the Terrorist Threat in the Middle East in 2017

63%
WEJKSZNER A.
Przegląd Strategiczny
|
2018
|
issue 11
383-393
EN
The main aim of this article is to present an evolution of the terrorism threat in the Middle East in 2016. For this purpose, firstly, the essence and determinants of the contemporary terrorism threat have been analyzed. Some main Middle East terrorist organizations, actively operating in this area, have also been indicated. Secondly, the chronology and the most important terrorism trends in the region have been presented. A special attention has been paid to consequences of the fall of the Islamic State. And last but not least some predictive scenarios regarding the development of above phenomenon in 2017 and beyond have been pointed out.
19
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Północnokaukascy bojownicy w szeregach Państwa Islamskiego. Profil psychologiczno-społeczny oraz mechanizmy rekrutacji

63%
Grabowski T.
Przegląd Orientalistyczny
|
2020
|
issue 2-3 (274-275) "Świat islamu w perspektywie badań arabistycznych i politologicznych Historia i współczesność"
145-164
EN
The main aim of the article is to create a psychological profile of people from the North Caucasus who have voluntarily joined the Islamic State and fight in its ranks. In addition, it determines motives that govern these individuals and describes what mechanisms are used during volunteers’ recruitment. Threats to international security created by North Caucasian militants after the fall of the Islamic State were also analyzed.
20
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Przemoc seksualna jako broń w konfliktach zbrojnych na przykładzie działań Państwa Islamskiego wobec Jazydek

63%
Tomaszewska P., Tomaszewska S.
Nowa Polityka Wschodnia
|
2020
|
vol. 2(25)
128–145
EN
The dissertation consists of the analysis of the criminal activity of the „Islamic State” toward Yazidis women. Religious and political reasons for the crimes committed on this religious minority will be presented. The authors will present, for example, among others selected articles from the “Dabiq” magazine or the pamphlet entitled The questions and answers on Hostages and Slaves. It was published in 2015 by an organization, in which an interpretation of Islamic law with regard to justification for sexual slavery was made subsequently. The authors will also refer to numerous reports of non-governmental organizations. The current situation of Yazidi women and the issue of bringing to justice the perpetrators of the crime committed in Yazidi will be analyzed.
RU
Статья содержит анализ преступной деятельности «Исламского государства» по от¬ношению к езидским женщинам. В ней представлены религиозные и политические причины преступлений, совершенных в отношении этого религиозного меньшин¬ства. Авторы анализируют, например, отдельные статьи из журнала «Dabiq» или брошюру, озаглавленную Вопросы и ответы о заложниках и рабах. Брошюра была опубликована в 2015 году организацией и содержала интерпретацию исламского закона в отношении оправдания сексуального рабства. Авторы также ссылаются на многочисленные доклады неправительственных организаций. В статье анали¬зируется текущее положение езидских женщин, а также вопрос о привлечении кответственности лиц, совершивших преступления против езидов.
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