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The Historical and religious conditions of the split of Sudan in the context of Christian-Muslim relationships

100%
Cisło W.
The Person and the Challenges. The Journal of Theology, Education, Canon Law and Social Studies Inspired by Pope John Paul II
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2014
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vol. 4
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issue 1
PL
The split into the predominantly Muslim Northern Sudan, and Southern Sudan with a Christian and animist majority, had been emerging in the course of many centuries. Without any doubt, one is bound to mention the natural and geographical boundaries, the ethnical diversity of the regions, the influence exercised during the centuries by the Egyptians, Arabs and later on by the British. According to the opinions of some experts on the subject, there can be two distinct matters that have contributed to the split of the North and the South. These were education and religion. Apart from education, also the issue of religion was dividing the Sudan. After the declaration of independence on January 1, 1954 all the Christian private schools in the South were closed down. There remained only state schools with Arabic as the language of instruction and with the upbringing model based on the Koran teaching. Having obtained political independence, the fears of the British administration and Christian missionaries became a reality: Islam was made the state religion. The only way to attain an occupational and social status was to convert to Islam. Frequently, this took place according to the rule of an already accomplished fact or by pressure. In the context of Sudan, one of the biggest country in Africa, with its population of over 37 million, made up of 70 per cent Muslim believers , 14 per cent of Christians, and 12 per cent of animists, it is of great importance for the perception of fundamentalism to be familiar with the history of this country.
2
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Kontrowersje wokół podboju i islamizacji Bośni. Przyczynek do krytyki tzw. “polityki historycznej”

100%
Wróbel P.
Balcanica Posnaniensia Acta et studia
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2012
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vol. 19
85-93
EN
The statement is a reference to the article Islamization of Bosnia in the XV-XVIth century, published last year in “Balcanica Posnaniensia. Acta et studia” vol. XVIII. A critical analysis of sources and a confrontation of studies made by different historians shows that the process of conquest and Islamization of Bosnia was similar (but not identical, of course!) as in the case of the other Balkan countries. The reasons for the extraordinary religious situation in contemporary Bosnia, therefore, should be sought in the events of later periods. Overview of the opinions on issues of Islamization and the Turkish conquest suggests that there is an amazing difference among historians. In the author’s opinion largely it results from causes not substantive and is rather politically motivated. Such events of the medieval past as: the history of the Bosnian Manicheans, Ottoman conquest of Bosnia or the process of Islamization become the building blocks of modern national identity of Bosnian Muslims, ie. Bošnjaks. These problems have become a part of the so-called. “Historical Politics” that resulted in very bad consequences. Author notes that the compromises, the selection of facts under a given hypothesis or to formulating opinions in the “name of higher reason” immediately brings fatal consequences and is counterproductive. The so-called “Historical Politics”, even in its mildest version, entails an instrumental treatment of the history. Such practices should always be condemned by scholars and teachers.
3
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Kształtowanie się persko-muzułmańskiej tożsamości i pamięci historycznej w świetle historii relacji persko-muzułmańskich w „Kronice proroków i królów” at-Tabariego

89%
Konik D.
Studia Antiquitatis et Medii Aevi Incohantis
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2022
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vol. 7
64-84
EN
The aim of this article is to analyse the earliest interactions between Muslims and Persians, the portrayal of each group and the chronicler’s narrative surrounding them, in order to study the beginning of the process that would result in the creation of a dual Islamic Iranian identity and its core values.
4
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Da‘wa − dynamika procesów islamizacyjnych we współczesnej Europie. Wybrane zagadnienia

71%
Wąs A.
Nurt SVD
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2017
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issue 1
23-37
PL
Na początku XXI wieku w Europie dokonuje się pod wpływem islamu dynamiczna transformacja kulturowa. Artykuł poświęcony jest islamskiej misji (da‘wa) realizowanej w kontekście europejskim, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem jej roli w procesach islamizacyjnych i inkulturacyjnych. Biorąc pod uwagę sukcesywny wzrost liczby muzułmanów oraz elementów islamskich w europejskiej przestrzeni publicznej autor wysuwa tezy, że – z jednej strony – da‘wa stanowi istotny element strategii ukierunkowanej na propagowanie i rozprzestrzenianie islamu w Europie, a z drugiej – niektóre jej komponenty kształtują tzw. islam europejski. Artykuł składa się z trzech części. Pierwsza podejmuje kwestie znaczeniowe i interpretacyjne da‘wy w aspekcie semantycznym, teologicznym oraz politycznym. Przedmiotem drugiej części jest zjawisko obecności muzułmanów na kontynencie europejskim. Natomiast w ostatniej części autor omawia kompleksowość trzech rodzajów da‘wy w Europie, podając także przykłady potwierdzające jej realizację przez Arabię Saudyjską.
EN
Europe in the beginning of the 21st century is a place of dynamic cultural transformations, heavily coloured by Islam. The article focuses on da‘wa – the Islamic mission, its significance and the role it plays in the process of the Islamisation and inculturation in Europe. Considering the rapid growth and ever more visible presence of Muslims in the European public sphere, the author theorises that, on the one hand, da‘wa constitutes an essential element of the specific strategy of the Islamization of the world and, on the other hand, some of its components contribute to the emergence of the European type of Islam. The first part of the article presents terminology and interpretation concerning the variety of da‘wa’s semantic meanings, theological legitimisation of action within da‘wa and processes for its politicisation and institutionalisation, present in the history of Islam. The second part focuses on the Muslim presence in Europe. In the third and final part the author explains the complexity and dynamics of the three main models of da‘wa in Europe, providing also some examples of Islamic initiatives towards realization of the objective of da‘wa.
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