The place of beginning of the Christian community was called „the Upper Church of the Apostles” in Mount Zion. It became the seat of the Mother Church under the leadership of fourteen bishops of Jewish stock from the beginning until the reign of Constantine. The authority of the bishops was symbolized by the throne of St. James. The complete transformation of Jerusalem into a „Roman city” operated by Emperor Aelius Hadrian meant the end of the Jewish hierarchy in the Mother Church and the emergence of a new leadership of Gentile origin. Until the time of bishop Maximus the Holy Sepulcher became the center of the Gentile Church. In the IV century we can say the growing rivalry between Caesarea and Jerusalem and appearing of many members of the hierarchy and the monastic communities participated very energetically in the problems of the local Church. In the time of Cyril of Alexandria can be seen the support given to him by the Palestinian bishops. The alliance Jerusalem – Alexandria would last until the beginning of the council of Chalcedon. At that time Juvenal of Jerusalem was striving for the recognition of patriarchal status for the see of the Holy City, decided to go over to the opposite side, formed by Constantinople, Rome and the Antiochenes, thus abandoning the „monophysite party”. Thanks to this dramatic change, the Church of the Holy Land was able to associate itself officially with the dogmatic decision of Chalcedon and the Metropolitan of Jerusalem was elevated to the status of Patriarch.
La pericope di Gen 28,10-22 viene considerata qui co me l’efetto di un processo redazionale cominciato da una tradizione cultuale (hieros logos) kanaanea. Durante una redazione delle tradizioni meridionali collegate con Jacobe, questa etiologiadiun luogo santo e stata inserita nell’insieme di tradzione jahvista. Ił secondo importante sviluppo aveva luogo nel periodo postesilico, quando, dopo anni di concorenza tra Betel e Gerusalemme, questo posto e tradizioni etnico-religiose eon esso collegate banno cominciato a far parte di una storia patciareale precedente riguardo alla tradizione di Esodo. Ancora nel Os 12 si puo vedere una breccia tra entrambe Ie tradizoni riguardanti gli albori diuna nazione. Nel pocesso di redazione del Pentateuco queste divergenze sono state cancellate creando di Betel un posto di iconciliazione re ligiosa tra Ie due visioni concorente. Betel in questo cambiamento e diventato un punto di svolta, dove Jacobe entra nella linea dei pattiarchi i aquista le promesse di partecipare nelle promesse di Abramo.
Narracja o Jakubie i Ezawie pokazuje jak trudne i złożone jest wprowadzenie w czyn przebaczenie. Wynika to nie tylko z następowania po sobie znaczących epizodów, w których występują i postępują naprzód dwaj bohaterowie, ale również z ich historii życiowej, statusu społecznego i pozycji politycznej. Najwżniejszym jest fakt, iż wzajemne przebacznie jako finalny wynik jest niemożliwy do osiągnięcia bez szeregu interwencji Boga w postępowanie obu stron.
The publicity recently given to an ossuary with the inscription „James son of Joseph brother of Jesus” has made it imperative to know as much as possible about the tomb of James the brother of the Lord.
This article deals with the process of the formation of the traditionsconcerning the three patriarchs in the book of Genesis. It can already bestated that the traditions concerning Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob were initiallyformed independently of each other. Chronological priority shouldbe assigned to the tradition concerning Jacob. It was originally somehowcombined with the tradition concerning Isaac (in Amos), and at the timebefore the exile it constituted the earliest point of reference for seeking theroots and identity of Israel. Only by the end of the exile did the particulartime and situation cause the local Judaean traditions concerning Abrahamto play a greater role also from a theological aspect. Abraham then becamenot only a model of faith and an example of behaviour for the exiles and therepatriates, but also from a the first link in the chain of the three patriarchs.It is possible that at that time some of the motifs of the story of Abrahamwere borrowed from the traditions concerning Isaac (cf. Gen 26).
The article is devoted to the analysis of the Greek text of Sir 44:22-23, but it also takes into account the Hebrew version of the praise of Isaac and Jacob. The main aim of the article is to read Sirach’s depiction of these two patriarchs in his Praise of the Fathers (Sir 44:1 – 50:24) and the role and significance that he attributes to them in Israel’s history. The analysis conducted shows that the Jerusalem sage based his presentation of Isaac and Jacob exclusively on the Book of Genesis, not referring to any theological traditions connected with the patriarchs that were known during the Second Temple period. The principal role played by the two patriarchs in the history of the chosen nation is passing on to the subsequent generation the covenant that God made with Abraham and the promises related to it (Isaac’s substantial passivity in this role has to be pointed out). It is this motif that is emphasized in Sir 44:22-23, as a result of which other important events from the patriarchs’ lives are completely overlooked, including the justification of Jacob’s stealing of Isaac’s blessing for his firstborn son.
Es besteht eine gewisse Analogie zwischen der Versuchung Jesu auf "der Zinne" des Tempels und dem Tod des Herrenbruders, wie ihn die alte christliche Tradition herausgearbeitet hat (durch Hegesippus und Klemens von Alexandria weitergegeben). Diese Analogie kann entweder als Einfluss des evangelischen Berichtes auf die Tradition oder auch umgekehrt ausgedeutet werden. Auf Grund der Schilderung des Martyriums von Jakobus bei Josef Flavius und auf Grund des rabbinischen Strafgesetzes konnte man zum Schluss kommen, dass manche Angaben in der legendären Tradition doch ihren geschichtlichen Wert haben, u. a. das Aufstellen des Jakobus auf "der Zinne" des Tempels, der Versuch ihn zu Verstossung Jesu als des Messias zu bringen, das Hinunterwerfen von "der Zinne" und die Steinigung. Diese Realitäten, tief im Gedächtnis der Jerusalemer Gemeinde verbleibend, wurden am wahrscheinlichsten zur Inspiration für die Fassung der Versuchungsszene Jesu im Tempel.
Artykuł omawia literackie sposoby przedstawienia konsekwencji szczególnej miłości Jakuba do jego młodszego syna Józefa dla braci, sposób ukazania uwiedzenia żony Potyfara w stosunku do Józefa, który zajmował podrzędną pozycję w domu Potyfara, argumenty Józefa za odmowę perswazji i strategię kłamania w zemście za odrzucenie. Analiza wykorzystania pola semantycznego miłości i pożądania oraz sposobu literackiego przedstawienia złożoności międzyludzkich relacji rodzinnych ujawnia możliwości i ograniczenia interpretacyjne. Szczególną uwagę zwrócono na psychologię wrogiej reakcji braci Józefa na szczególną pozycję Józefa w sercu ich ojca Jakuba, kontrastujące zachowanie żony Potyfara i podobne przypadki w 2 Samuela 13 i Gen. 34. Ograniczenia interpretacji przejawiają się przede wszystkim w próbach wyjaśnienia psychologii zawiści, pożądania i niszczycielskich konsekwencji działania z pożądania. Najważniejszym wnioskiem z artykułu jest to, że pełne znaczenie narracji w rozdziałach 37 i 39 można dostrzec jedynie w kontekście całej historii Józefa z Księgi Rodzaju 37-50. Artykuł jest zatem częścią obszerniejszego studium historii Józefa jako całości.
EN
The article discusses the literary ways of presenting the consequences of Jacob’s special love for his younger son Joseph for his brothers, the way in which the seduction of Potiphar's wife is presented in relation to Joseph, who held a subordinate position in Potiphar's house, Joseph's arguments for refusing her persuasion and the strategy of her lying in revenge for the rejection. The analysis of the use of the semantic field of love and lust and the way of literary representation of the complexity of interpersonal family relations reveals the possibilities and limitations of interpretation. Special attention is paid to the psychology of Joseph’s brothers’ hostile response to Joseph’s special position in the heart of their father Jacob, the contrasting behaviour of Potiphar’s wife, and similar cases in 2 Samuel 13 and Gen. 34. The limits of interpretation are manifested primarily in attempts to explain the psychology of envy, lust, and the devastating consequences of acting out of lust. The most important finding of the article is that the full meaning of the narrative in chapters 37 and 39 can only be seen in the context of the whole of Joseph’s story in Genesis 37-50. The article is thus part of a more extensive study of Joseph’s story as a whole.
Wśród różnych interpretacji „gwiazdy z Jakuba” z Lb 24,17 ogromną rolę odegrała interpretacja mesjańska, która jest występuje zarówno w tradycji żydowskiej, jak i chrześcijańskiej. Celem tego artykułu jest prześledzenie rozwoju interpretacji motywu tajemniczej „gwiazdy z Jakuba”, poczynając od tekstu masoreckiego Lb 24,17, przez starożytne tłumaczenia, aż po egzegezę wczesnych ojców Kościoła.
EN
Among the various interpretations of “The Star out of Jacob” (Numbers 24:17), the messianic reading, present in both the Jewish and the Christian traditions, has played an enormous role. The purpose of this study is to review the development of different interpretations of “The Star out of Jacob”, starting from the Masoretic Text of Numbers 24:17, proceeding through the ancient versions, and ending up with the exegesis of the early Church Fathers.
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