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Świadkowie Jehowy – od początku funkcjonowania do roku 1914

100%
Radziłowicz M.
Studia Ełckie
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2011
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vol. 13
155-173
EN
The initial years of the Bible Investigators (Jehovah’s Witnesses) are the merit of their founder, Charles Taze Russell. Of a little research group he made the organization which covers many countries on all continents. He propagated his ideas by the editorialpropagandist corporation, named Zion’s Watch Tower Tract Society, which he established and became its president. Many missionary travels of Russel and his followers, especially the four-month Evangelic travel around the World, led to a dynamic growth of the organization, what is proved with offices in several countries and hundred thousands followers and sympathizers of this religious movement. In the year 1914 the organization suffered form its first serious crisis caused by the undone prophecy of the end of world’s system and the presence of Christ in the world. However, in spite of the crisis and resignation of many members, the organization survived.
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Jehoova tunnistajad Eestis

80%
Ringvee R.
Mäetagused
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2012
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vol. 52
161-176
EN
The article explores the history of the Watchtower Bible and Tract Society in Estonia. The first Bible students emerged in Estonia in the 1920s, and the Society started its work in the country in 1926 when the local office was opened. In 1935 the Watchtower Society was closed down according to the Emergency Act. The Society was accused of activities that caused social unrest and damaged the interests of Estonian foreign policy. The Jehovah’s Witnesses, however, although banned as an organization, continued their work in spreading the Biblical message around the country. In 1940 Estonia was incorporated into the Soviet Union. The foreign staff of the Watchtower Society left the country and from there on the Estonian Jehovah’s Witnesses organized their work on their own, and their contacts with the headquarters abroad were lost. Although from 1941 to 1944 Estonia was occupied by German military forces, little action was taken against the Jehovah’s Witnesses. The Soviet authorities’ repressions against them started in 1948 when the leading Jehovah’s Witnesses were arrested and sent to prison camps. In 1951 during the operation Sever (North) carried out by the Soviet authorities, which targeted the Jehovah’s Witnesses in the new territories of the Soviet Union, almost all Witnesses were deported from Estonia to Tomsk region in Siberia. All of the Estonian Jehovah’s Witnesses were gradually released by the mid-1960s. However, the Soviet anti-religious campaign targeted the Jehovah’s Witnesses, stigmatizing them in the media and at their workplaces. By the late 1960s the Witnesses in Estonia had established their contacts with their headquarters in the West and started organizing the Watchtower Society’s work in the Baltic countries as well as in the western part of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, including Leningrad (St. Petersburg). Although the direct repressions against Jehovah’s Witnesses during the Soviet period in Estonia were rare compared to other Soviet republics, the authorities monitored them, and conscientious objectors were imprisoned. When the Soviet regime ended in Estonia in 1991, the Jehovah’s Witnesses registered their religious organization and started their missionary activities. In the 1990s there were several conflicts between the mainstream society and the Witnesses. The conflicts included conscientious objectors, blood-free medicine, the use of rented facilities for their religious services, and sensational but unsubstantiated news by the tabloid media. However, by the 2000s the problems were solved, and in a short time the Jehovah’s Witnesses had become the fourth or fifth largest denomination in Estonia.
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Świadkowie Jehowy jako najbardziej zwalczana sekta w Armenii

80%
Król-Mazur R.
Wschodnioznawstwo
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2016
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issue 10
101-118
EN
In the paper the author discusses the issues related to the persecution of Jehovah’s Witnesses by the authorities of the Republic of Armenia and the Armenian Apostolic Church, which enjoys the status of the national church. In Armenia Jehovah’s Witnesses are commonly perceived as a „particularly negative sect”. Due to their refusal to perform military service (which is important in the situation of the still not resolved conflict over Nagorno-Karabakh) they are treated as traitors to their own nation. The registration application of Jehovah’s Witnesses was rejected by the authorities fifteen times and despite the & nal success with the registration they still face numerous obstacles which makes it hard to exercise their faith openly. The author’s intention is to raise awareness to the fact that Armenians still demonstrate a negative attitude to all religious minorities, as the re{ ection of the generally prevailing „fear of strangers”. The actions of local TV channels broadcasting current affairs programs in which minorities are shown as enemies to the country and the national unity, can also be blames. Social attitudes explicitly indicate that for Armenians religious diversity constitutes a threat to the ethnic unity. Papers devoted to the freedom of religion published before 2015 show that Jehovah’s Witnesses were the ones particularly persecuted. The blame for such a situation lies to a large extent with the clergy of the Armenian Apostolic Church who encourage locals to defend the national church. The issue of religious minorities is also used in the political struggle. According to some leading Armenian politicians Jehovah’s Witnesses run the policy which is most destructive for Armenia. The blame for the spread of sects in Armenia is put on Western European countries and the United States of America which are believed to & nance sects with the intention to destroy all Orthodox Christian churches that preserve national identity. It is widely believed that America supports sects as it is interested in destabilization of geopolitical situation in the regions close to Russia. The author also tries to find an answer to the question why, despite such unfavorable conditions, Jehovah’s Witnesses in Armenia keep gaining more followers at an increasing rate.
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Rozwój organizacyjny Towarzystwa Strażnica za rządów Josepha F. Rutherforda

80%
Radziłowicz M.
Studia Ełckie
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2013
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vol. 15
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issue 4
503-513
EN
After the death of Charles Taze Russell, Joseph F. Rutherford was elected the president of the Bible Student movement. He managed to stabilize the move-ment and changed its name into Jehovah’s Witnesses. He was primarily focused on centralizing the administrative structure and the development of its mission-ary activities. Numerous radio stations of the Watchtower Society were launched under his presidency. He also introduced an innovative method of spreading Jehovah’s Witnesses’ doctrine with gramophone soundtracks. Apart from radio stations, annual congresses made their contribution in reinforcing the structure of the organization and the development of its missionary activities. President Rutherford also procured that Jehovah’s Witnesses’ literature was printed by the Watchtower Society. In addition to the main printing-office in Brooklyn, a number of small printing-offices were shortly established all over the world. In the development of the organization a big part was played by numerous Rutherford’s “missionary” journeys, particularly those to European countries, as well as activities of many other devoted members of the Watch-tower Society. Under Rutherford’s presidency, the doctrine of Jehovah’s Wit-nesses was successfully spread over six continents.
5
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Dbałość o właściwy styl życia ludzi młodych w ujęciu Świadków Jehowy

80%
Bondzio T.
Studia Ełckie
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2018
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vol. 20
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issue 1
81-93
EN
The moral teaching of Jehovah’s Witnesses about the proper lifestyle em-phasizes, above all, due relations with parents and peers, entertainment and concern for the health of adolescents. In the articles of the Society of the Watchtower, the authors of the magazines emphasize that young people choose such friends for whom moral values are the basic measure of Christian life. The attitude of humiliation towards parents should result from purely religious reasons, and disobedience results in suspicion, lack of trust and abandonment of spiritual practices. Jehovah’s Witnesses believe that young people reach for stimulants to alleviate problems. Regardless of the consequences, they destroy health and ruin their own future. The young man begins to compensate for the lack of due love by reaching for the drug. Young people use free time not always in a constructive way. They play sports, but often for vain competition and fame. They listen to loud music isolating themselves from external stimuli. They often fall into gambling and pornography, making themselves slaves of their own mistakes and falls. According to Jehovahʼs Witnesses, these symptoms mean “last days”. Only those who reject moral contamination can expect a beautiful future.
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Przyczajeni, zagrożeni i gotowi na bitwę: strategie radzenia świadków Jehowy ze stygmatem w środowisku szkolnym

61%
Rusaczyk M.
Rocznik Pedagogiczny
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2013
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vol. 36
7
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Status osoby duchownej w związku wyznaniowym "Świadkowie Jehowy w Polsce"

41%
Bielecki M.
Studia z Prawa Wyznaniowego
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2018
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vol. 21
123-140
EN
Jehovah’s Witnesses are the third largest religious organization in Poland. According to its internal data, it has almost 120,000 members. The present study is concerned with the issues related to the status of a minister in the religious organization of Jehovah’s Witnesses in Poland. The doctrine of Jehovah’s Witnesses has undergone a major change in this regard: from complete negation to introduction of the structures of ministers. Currently, the status of a minister is granted not only to members engaged in preaching, but also those performing physical work in the structures of the organization. The introduction of these changes is characterized by a substantial amount of pragmatism. It facilitates the functioning of the organization and must be considered as a step in the right direction. The article consists of three main parts, which are devoted to the standpoint of Jehovah’s Witnesses concerning the existence of the clerical state before 2014, the status of a minister in the context of the current legal regulations and jurisprudence and the internal law of the organization issued after 2014.
PL
Świadkowie Jehowy są trzecim pod względem liczebności związkiem wyznaniowym w Polsce. Według wewnętrznych danych w Polsce przynależy do nich niemal 120 tys. członków. Przedmiotem niniejszego opracowania są kwestie związane ze statusem osoby duchownej w związku wyznaniowym „Świadkowie Jehowy w Polsce”. Sama doktryna Świadków Jehowy w tym zakresie przeszła znaczącą ewolucję od całkowitej negacji do wyodrębnienia struktur duchowieństwa. Obecnie status osoby duchownej posiadają nie tylko osoby zajmujące się głoszeniem, ale również członkowie pracujący fizycznie w strukturach związku. Wprowadzając zmiany świadkowie Jehowy, zachowali dużą dozę pragmatyzmu. Ułatwia to w znacznym stopniu ich funkcjonowanie i należy uznać za krok we właściwym kierunku. Tekst artykułu został podzielony na trzy zasadnicze części, dotyczą one stanowiska świadków Jehowy w sprawie istnienia stanu duchownego przed 2014 r., statusu osoby duchownej w świetle obowiązujących regulacji prawnych i orzecznictwa, a także prawa wewnętrznego związku wydanego po 2014 roku.
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Odmowa pełnienia służby wojskowej przez Świadków Jehowy jako realizacja klauzuli sumienia. Uwarunkowania prawno-historyczne

41%
Bielecki M.
Studia z Prawa Wyznaniowego
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2016
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vol. 19
107-128
PL
Przedmiotem niniejszego opracowania są kwestie związane ze służbą wojskową Świadków Jehowy. Autor w głównej mierze skupia się na rozwiązaniach normatywnych i analizie orzecznictwa sądowego, ale przytacza również najważniejsze wątki z nauczania Świadków Jehowy. Artykuł przedstawia ewolucję jaka miała miejsce zarówno w regulacjach prawnych jak i stanowisku wymiaru sprawiedliwości. W zasadzie od przemian ustrojowych 1989 roku, zarówno prawodawca jak i sądy, konsekwentnie nie chciały przyznawać Świadkom Jehowy możliwości odmowy służby z bronią w ręku. Choć problemy, które rodzą się w związku w istniejącymi regulacjami i dotychczasową praktyką, w chwili obecnej – kiedy zawieszono powszechną służbę wojskową – zdają się pretendować do miana zbędnych dywagacji, nie można wykluczyć, że w obliczu istniejących zagrożeń, na powrót staną się aktualne.
EN
The subject matter of the present paper is the issue concerning military service of Jehovah’s Witnesses. The author mainly focuses on legal regulations and analysis of judicial decisions, nevertheless, the most important aspects of Jehovah’s Witnesses teaching are also included. The article presents the evolution of legal regulations as well as the standpoint of jurisdiction in this particular area. The permission to refuse military service of Jehovah’s Witnesses had not been granted by either the legislator or the court until the period of system shift. As it is emphasized by the author, problems that arise due to the existing regulations and their practical implementation are believed to become a redundant debate, especially when common military service obligation is suspended. However, in the light of existing threats it cannot be excluded that the military service obligation will be implemented.
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Культурные практики, литературные свидетельства и личные документы преследованных Свидетелей Иеговы

41%
Bugaj T.
Rusycystyczne Studia Literaturoznawcze
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2022
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vol. 32
1-32
EN
The article deals with memoir texts written by the members of a religious minority group repressed by the Soviet Union authorities. The author of the article pays significant attention to the specifics of the texts, the motives for recording the stories, and the subject of the memoirs themselves. Most often, the authors of the memoir texts reported on the course of exile to Siberia, difficult living conditions and constant overwork. They talked about being in labour camps, beatings, surveillance and other forms of repression. In addition to the analysis of selected issues, the author of the article discussed also the texts under analysis role. These written texts are not only crucial historic documents that tell about past events. They are the testimonies of those events victims. They are an element of cultural practice and, among other things, are aimed to create a sense of community, reveal the values which dominate within the group and to promote certain behaviour codes which include maintaining loyalty to beliefs and totalitarianism.
PL
W opracowaniu dokonano przeglądu tekstów memuarystycznych powstałych wśród mniejszościowej wspólnoty religijnej represjonowanej przez władze Związku Radzieckiego. Zwrócono uwagę na ich specyfikę, motywy spisywania swej historii, a także tematykę wspomnień. Autorzy najczęściej relacjonowali przebieg deportacji na Syberię, surowe warunki życia i katorżniczą pracę. Opowiadali o pobytach w łagrach, pobiciach, inwigilacji oraz innych formach represji. Poza analizą wybranej problematyki omówiono rolę, jaką dziś pełnią badane teksty. Tworzą one nie tylko barwny dokument minionych zdarzeń, ale również są świadectwem składanym przez ofiary. Stanowią element praktyki kulturowej i służą między innymi budowaniu poczucia wspólnotowości, eksponowaniu wartości obowiązujących w obrębie grupy, a także promowaniu określonych wzorców zachowania, polegających na pozostawaniu wiernym swym przekonaniom i stawianiu oporu wobec totalitaryzmu.
RU
В статье рассматриваются мемуарные тексты, написанные членами религиозного меньшинства, репрессированного властями Советского Союза. Обращается внимание на специфику текстов, мотивации записи своей истории, а также на сам предмет воспоминаний. Авторы чаще всего упоминали о ходе высылки в Сибирь, тяжелых условиях жизни и непосильном труде. Рассказывали о пребывании в трудовых лагерях, избиениях, слежке и других формах репрессий. Помимо анализа избранных вопросов, обсуждается роль, какую выполняют анализируемые тексты. Они воспринимаются не только как впечатляющий документ о прошедших событиях, но также как свидетельство жертв советских репрессий. Мемуары являются элементом культурной практики и служат, среди прочего, формированию чувства единства, раскрытию ценностей, действующих внутри группы, а также примером определенных моделей поведения, заключающихся в сохранении верности своим убеждениям и сопротивлении тоталитаризму.
10
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Między algorytmem prawa a religią totalną na podstawie powieści Iana McEwana W imię dziecka

41%
Głąb A.
|
2017
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vol. 65
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issue 4
151-175
PL
W niniejszym tekście autorka analizuje najpierw stanowisko współczesnego brytyjskiego pisarza Iana McEwana z perspektywy deklarowanego przezeń ateizmu. Czyni to przez pryzmat dwutorowości światopoglądów, jaka charakteryzuje jego niektóre utwory (Czarne psy i Prze­trzy­mać tę miłość). W drugiej części przechodzi do problemu moralnego z jego przedostatniej po­wieści W imię dziecka. Analizuje dylemat, jaki się w niej pojawia, na trzech poziomach: religijnym, prawnym i egzystencjalnym, z których ten ostatni jest decydujący dla określenia tragizmu, w jakim znaleźli się bohaterowie powieści.
EN
First, the article discusses the British writer, Ian McEwan, from the standpoint of his atheism. It does so through the prism of “double-track” world views which characterize some of his works (Black Dogs and Enduring Love). In the second part, the essay moves on to address the moral problem of his penultimate novel, Children Act, and discusses the dilemma present here on three levels: religious, legal, and existential. The last one seems to be crucial to determining the tragic nature of the characters’ situation.
11
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Świadkowie Jehowy na ziemiach polskich – w XX wieku

31%
Miłosz J.
Język. Religia. Tożsamość
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2021
|
issue 2 (24) A
231-269
EN
Jehovah’s Witnesses have been present in Poland for over a hundred years. This period was full of various events affecting both their entire community and its individual members. Beginnings in the interwar period - partly as a legal association, but also as a group facing misunderstanding and attempts to make it illegal. The period of the Nazi occupation - tragic for the entire community and for individual believers who in concentration camps, wearing a purple triangle armband, were victims of this system. Poland of 1945-1989 is a stage that can be divided into several fragments - the legal beginning in 1945-1950, the years of banalization and Stalinist persecution - 1950-1956; illegal activity in the years 1956-1979 and the beginning of the road to legal existence in the 1980s. The last stage is the activity in free Poland - it is the period of legal activity from 1989 to the present day. All these stages in the history of Jehovah’s witnesses influence their perception in today’s reality of the Third Republic.
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