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Johannes Jessenius’s Conception of Method

100%

Nejeschleba T.

Acta Comeniana (International review of Comenius studies and early modern intellectual history)

2007

vol. 20-21

9-23

The problem of method, which became one of the most oft-examined themes in Renaissance philosophy, is likewise the subject of Jan Jessenius’ Et Philosophiae et Medicinae Solidae Studiosis (Wittenberg 1601). In the context of contemporary discussions which ended up distinguishing between methods of cognition and methods of presentation, it is shown that Jessenius does not avail himself of this distinction – despite the fact that he is considered a student of the Paduan school. On one hand, Jessenius does distance himself from a rhetoricised form of logic which blurred the difference between method and the order of knowledge; on the other, he presents the method of attaining knowledge as a component part of the method of education. He understands logic, referring to Aristotle, mainly as an analytic art – not as dialectics. Analytics begin with induction, continues through the probabilistic syllogism, and is followed by a demonstration of the causes of things, thus drawing in essence from the progression of the demonstratio quia to the demonstratio propter quid, which the Paduan Aristotelians referred to as a regressus. According to Jessenius, however, the last phase of the whole process is definition, though its meaning is never precisely delimited. It appears that, rather than Paduan methodology, Jessenius took up the Aristotelian tradition which distinguishes four questions (num sit, quid sit, quod sit et propter quid) and associates different faculties of the human soul to each. He leaves aside the problems which were connected with the interpretation of Aristotle’s texts during the Renaissance. In Jessenius’ address, the question regarding whether scientific cognition is derived from first principles or first concepts (or perhaps installed in the human soul by God) remains unresolved. Johannes Jessenius thus appropriated the ideas of his Paduan teachers in a rather inconsistent manner and passed them on to his students in the same spirit, which bears witness to the level at which the methodology of science had been developed outside of its great centres at the turn of the 17th century.

Renaissance anatomy: the path from Ars to Scientia with a focus on anatomical works of Johannes Jessenius

75%

Nejeschleba T.

Teorie vědy (Theory of Science)

2020

vol. 42

issue 1

95-115

Johannes Jessenius (1566–1621) became known by his contemporaries mostly as an exponent of the Italian anatomical Renaissance in Central Europe at the end of the sixteenth and at the beginning of the seventeenth century. Th e image of Jessenius in the twentieth century was also created with respect to his activities in the area of anatomy in Wittenberg and Prague in particular. Th e aim of this article is to put Jessenius into the context of the development of anatomy in the sixteenth century. An important point in this progression can be seen in the change of the defi nition of anatomy from the art (ars) of dissecting bodies and a “method” of instructing students to the way of acquiring knowledge (scientia) of bodies and nature. Th e crucial role in this process played anatomical writings of the second half of the 16th century and the development seems to be connected with methodological discussions at the University of Padua. Jessenius, in his anatomical writings, primarily followed the Paduan anatomist Andreas Vesalius (1514–1564), whose work De humani corporis fabrica (1543) expresses the fundamental change in Renaissance anatomy. In addition, the methodological background of the anatomical Renaissance, which Jessenius became acquainted with during his studies in Padua, also echoes in Jessenius’ works.

Jan Jesenský – Jessenius (1566– 1621) se pro své současníky stal známým především jako představitel italské anatomické renesance ve střední Evropě na přelomu šestnáctého a sedmnáctého století. I ve dvacátém století byl obraz Jana Jesenského vykreslen s ohledem na jeho anatomické aktivity ve Wittenbergu a v Praze. Cílem tohoto článku je zasadit Jessenia do kontextu rozvoje anatomie v šestnáctém století. Významný moment v jejím vývoji lze spatřovat ve změně chápání anatomie od umění (ars) pitvy těl a „metody“ výuky studentů ke způsobu získávání znalostí (scientia) o tělech a přírodě. Klíčovou roli v tomto procesu sehrála anatomická díla druhé poloviny šestnáctého století. Jejich rozvoj je zřejmě spojen s metodologickými diskusemi na univerzitě v Padově. Jesenský ve svých anatomických dílech navazuje v prvé řadě na Andrease Vesalia (1514–1564), jehož De humani corporis fabrica (1543) vyjadřuje základní proměnu v renesanční anatomii. V Jesseniově díle se odrážejí i metodologické základy anatomické renesance, se kterými se Jesenský seznámil na svých studiích v Padově.

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1 Acta Comeniana (International review of Comenius studies and early modern intellectual history)

1 Teorie vědy (Theory of Science)

1 2020

1 2007

2 Nejeschleba T.

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Johannes Jessenius’s Conception of Method

Renaissance anatomy: the path from Ars to Scientia with a focus on anatomical works of Johannes Jessenius