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PL
Niniejszy artykuł jest próbą udowodnienia, że sukces Reuchlina w ratowaniu żydowskich ksiąg przed zniszczeniem był większej wagi, niż zwykle przypisują mu historycy. Walka Reuchlina o zachowanie Talmudu i innych żydowskich ksiąg toczyła się w społeczeństwie dotkniętym rasizmem, głównie antysemityzmem rasowym, zjawiskiem słabo rozpoznanym i najczęściej negowanym przez badaczy średniowiecznej i wczesnonowożytnej Europy. Podstawy tego rasizmu zostały zarysowane w artykule. Chociaż Reuchlin nie zdawał sobie sprawy ze znaczenia swojej obrony Żydów z perspektywy walki z rasizmem, można jednak myśleć o nim jak o Martinie Lutherze Kingu walczącym z dyskryminacją rasową wobec określonej mniejszości. Pięćsetna rocznica śmierci Reuchlina, która przypadnie latem 2022 roku, jest doskonałą okazją do uczczenia stworzenia przez niego wyjątkowej koncepcji Żydów, a w gruncie rzeczy ludzkości, w XVI-wiecznej Europie.
EN
This paper argues that Reuchlin’s success in saving the Jewish books from destruction was even more significant than is usually accredited by historians. His struggle to preserve the Talmud and other Jewish books was conducted within a society infected with racism, mainly racial anti-Semitism, a phenomenon barely recognized and mostly denied by scholars of medieval and early-modern Europe. The paper sketches the basics of this racism. Although Reuchlin was unaware of the racial meaning of his defense of the Jews, one may nevertheless think of him as a Martin Luther King fighting racial discrimination against a defined minority. The 500th anniversary of Reuchlin’s death, to be marked in the summer of 2022, is an excellent opportunity to celebrate his exceptional conception of the Jews, essentially of humankind, in 16th century Europe.
XX
During the fifteenth and sixteenth century the Jews in Germany were subject to imperial law and entitled to the protection of the law, but just in those days the campaign against Jewish books began to change for the campaign against Jews and Judaizers. This religious and social controversy in Germany started in 1511, when Johannes Reuchlin published his Report about the Books of the Jews in a work he called Doctor Johannsen Reuchlins Augenspiegel. The controversy flared up for evermore after its publication. Josef Pfefferkorn, who changed his name to Johann when he converted to Christianity in 1505, was on one side. He had the genuine support of significant members of the Dominican order in Cologne. Pfefferkorn and the Dominicans saw the confiscation and destruction of Jewish books, particularly the Talmud, as a valid initial step to converting the Jews to Christianity. Johannes Reuchlin was on the other side. He was known as one of the prominent jurists and humanist of his day and he was also the first efficient Christian Hebraist in Germany. Many of the exceptional intellectual postures of the Renaissance supported him. The most efficacious humanist defense of Reuchlin’s work was a satire entitled Letters of Obscure Men.
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