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From the Medieval Church to the English Reformation: John Wycliffe and King Henry VIII’s Dissolution of the Monasteries, 1536–1539

100%
Chylińska B.
Acta Philologica
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2015
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issue 47
5-13
PL
Reformacja angielska poszła własną drogą; nie stosując się ściśle do zasad luteranizmu czy kalwinizmu zachowała wiele cech średniowiecznej tradycji katolickiej. Jednak jeszcze w średniowieczu pojawił się w Anglii charyzmatyczny kaznodzieja i uczony, John Wycliffe, stanowiąc poważne zagrożenie dla jedności kościoła. Można przyjąć, że jego ostra krytyka wad duchowieństwa, zwłaszcza upodobania do bogactwa, zradykalizowała na następne wieki angielski antyklerykalizm, co musiało wpłynąć na reformację Henryka VIII, która była jego osobistą, bardziej polityczną niż liturgiczną, rewolucją. W ten sposób, choć doktryna oraz wiara w Kościele w Anglii uległy jedynie niewielkim transformacjom, likwidacja klasztorów w latach 1536–1539, która przyniosła monarchii Tudorów ogromny majątek, stała się najbardziej rewolucyjną przemianą angielskiej reformacji.
EN
The English Reformation did not closely follow the Lutheran or Calvinist doctrines, retaining much of the medieval Catholic tradition. However, still in the Middle Ages, a scholastic, charismatic preacher, John Wycliffe, posed a serious challenge to the unity of the Church in England. It can be claimed that his fierce criticism of the ecclesiastical vices, particularly the clergy’s excessive wealth, strongly radicalized anticlericalism in England in the coming ages. Therefore, inevitably, Wycliffe’s preaching must have influenced King Henry VIII’s own Reformation which was essentially a political, and to a much lesser degree liturgical, revolution. Accordingly, although the religious doctrine and worship changed very little in England, the dissolution of the monasteries in 1536–1539, which brought the Tudor dynasty enormous wealth, became the most important upheaval of the English Reformation.
2
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Miloslav Kaňák jako církevní historik, husitolog a znalec života i díla anglického reformátora Jana Viklefa

86%
Kaňák B.
Studia theologica
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2015
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vol. 4
101-112
EN
Miloslav Kaňák (1917–1985) was a Professor at the Jan Hus Czechoslovak Theological Faculty of Prague. M. Kaňák was appointed head of the department of history there in 1950 and worked there until 1981. He pursued his interest in five areas: general history, the period of the National Revival in Bohemia, the Modernist movement of Czech Catholic clergymen, the beginnings of the contemporary Czechoslovak Independent Hussite Church as well as the history of the Medieval Hussite period with special attention to its roots. The paper also pays deeper attention not only to the circumstances of the origin, but also the content of Kanak’s monograph on the English reformer John Wycliffe. The main result of Kanak’s study of this issue was the book: John Wycliffe: The Life and Work of the English Hus Predecessor which was published in Prague in 1973. The book includes an interpretation of the life and writings of Wycliffe and deals with the reception of Wycliffe’s doctrine in Bohemia. The author also discusses the Lollard Movement in England.
3
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Štěpán z Dolan

72%
Kohout Š.
Studia theologica
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2015
|
vol. 4
59-74
EN
This article is focused on the life and work of Stephen of Dolany (cca 1350 – 27 July 1421). He was of lower origin descended from a noble German family called Schramm the knights of Melice (a vanished castle near Vyškov). His ancestors were vassals of the Bishops of Olomouc. He studied at Prague University (Bachelor of Liberal Arts 1372). After completing his studies, he began to work in the royal chancery. He entered the Carthusian order around 1380 and was made prior of the newly founded charterhouse in Dolany near Olomouc in 1388. He led the monastery up until his death continuously. Despite his addiction to Church reform ideas ("devotio moderna"), he strongly opposed the rise and spread of the new-born Hussite movement. In terms of his writing, he is known for the demonstrative anti-Hussite tendencies in his Latin works, f. e. Medulla tritici seu Antiviklef (1408), Antihuss (1412), Dialogus volatilis inter aucam et passerem (1414) and the last Epistola ad hussitas (1417). The authorship of the Latin-Czech bilingual satirical poem Gaude mater ecclesia – Již se raduj cierkev svatá (1419) was recently attributed to him.
4
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Sobór w Konstancji wobec Jana Husa i Hieronima z Pragi

58%
Medwid W.
Polonia Sacra
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2016
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vol. 20
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issue 1(42)
157-182
PL
Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie rozwiązania problemu Jana Husa i Hieronima z Pragi przez Sobór w Konstancji. Kwestie obu czeskich teologów pojawiają się trzy razy w dokumentach soborowych. Jana Husa niepokoiło pozostawiające wiele do życzenia życie duchowieństwa, a szczególnie ich zepsucie i chciwość. Mówił także o zepsuciu obyczajów. Był bardzo krytyczny wobec papiestwa i potępiał handel odpustami. Postrzegał Kościół jako Mistyczne Ciało, którego Głową jest Jezus. Nie do przyjęcia była dla niego kara ekskomuniki. Oskarżono go o głoszenie herezji. Jego błędne tezy poruszały tematykę predestynacji, posługi papieża, ekskomuniki i czynów ludzkich. Sobór uznał go za heretyka i osądził. Z kolei Hieronim z Pragi był zaangażowany w powstający ruch narodowy w Czechach i głosił publicznie poglądy Jana Wiklifa. Był zdeklarowanym zwolennikiem Husa. Sobór oskarżył go o przestępstwo błędów i herezji dotyczących religii chrześcijańskiej. Hieronim z Pragi najpierw uznał racje Kościoła katolickiego, ale później zmienił zdanie i odwołał swoje zeznania, zgodę i oświadczenie. Ojcowie z Konstancji ogłosili go heretykiem i ekskomunikowali go.
EN
The purpose of this article is to present the solution to the problem of Jan Hus and Jerome of Prague by the Council of Constance. The issues of both Czech theologians appear three times in the conciliar documents. Jan Hus bother leaving much to be desired lifestyle of the clergy, and at the same time their lust and greed. He spoke about the corruption of manners. In particular, he was critical of the papacy and denounced the trade in indulgences. The church was perceived him as a mystical body whose head is Jesus, the faithful and represent chosen by God righteous. It is not acceptable for him was the punishment of excommunication. He was accused of preaching of the many errors and heresies, and his erroneous thesis raised the questions of predestination, the ministry of the Pope, excommunication and the deeds of men. The Council judged him and found as a heretic. In turn, Jerome of Prague was involved in the emerging national movement in the Czech Republic and proclaimed publicly the views of J. Wycliffe, and he was an outspoken supporter of Hus. Council accused him of the crime of error and heresy regarding the Christian religion. First, he made a real explanation of recognizing the Catholic Church, but later he changed his mind and recanted his confession, consent and statement. Fathers of Constance declared him a heretic and excommunicated him.
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"Nunc antichristi multi facti sunt." - Idea společenství v Husově spisu "De ecclesia"

51%
Šenovský J.
Filosofický časopis (Philosophical Journal)
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2021
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vol. 69
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issue 2
323-346
EN
This study explores the relationship between the metaphysical conception of the Church that can be found in Jan Hus’ treatise De ecclesia, and its possible social realization. The influences of this approach (Wycliffe and Augustine) are looked at, as are the problems that these influences bring with them. Hus’ conception of the church has broad social consequences, because Hus understands the church non-institutionally, i.e. as a collective organism of all who are predetermined for salvation. That is why, according to him, the Church is the pinnacle of all creation. If however we take this conception of the Church and the associated dualism between the Damned and the Church of the Chosen truly for what they are, and add in the eschatological expectation of the end of time and the coming of the Antichrist, then we might expect the revolutionary result of Hussitism. Lastly, the possible areas in which we can see Hus’ potential for broad social reform are shown.
CS
Tato studie se zabývá vztahem mezi metafyzickým pojetím církve, které nalezneme ve spisu Jana Husa O církvi, a jeho možným společenským uskutečněním. Je poukázáno na vlivy tohoto přístupu (Viklef a Augustin) a na obtíže, které tyto vlivy s sebou nesou. Husovo pojetí církve má celospolečenské důsledky, protože Hus chápe církev neinstitucionálně, tedy jako kolektivní organismus všech, kteří jsou predeterminováni ke spáse. Proto je podle něj církev vrcholem všeho stvoření. Pokud se však toto pojetí církve a s ním spojený dualismus mezi církví vyvolených a zatracenými vezme skutečně realisticky, spolu s eschatologickým očekáváním konce časů a příchodu Anti­krista, pak lze očekávat revoluční vyústění, které nastalo s husitstvím. Nakonec je poukázáno na možné body, ve kterých můžeme vidět Husův celospolečenský reformní potenciál.
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