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PL
Powszechnie uważa się, że wpływ rozwoju infrastruktury na wzrost gospodarczy jest dodatni. Jednak kontrowersyjną sprawą jest jak bardzo jest on dodatni. W artykule prezentuje się generalny pogląd szkoły popytowej w ekonomii na ten temat, pogląd często spotykany wśród ekonomistów neoliberalnych i bardziej współczesną koncepcję nazwaną tutaj „zrównoważonym” inwestowaniem w infrastrukturę. Jako metodę badania zjawiska proponuje się wykorzystanie rachunku produktywności KLEMS, który jest sprawdzonym wariantem rachunkowości wzrostu gospodarczego. Odpowiednio zmodyfikowany model dekompozycji wzrostu demonstruje się na przykładzie zagregowanej polskiej gospodarki, jako narzędzie badania zjawiska.
EN
The article is a development of the work: D. Kotlewski, Oszacowanie wpływu rozwoju infrastruktury na wzrost gospodarczy w świetle rachunku produktywności KLEMS, “Myśl Ekonomiczna i Polityczna” 2022, No. 3(74), in which the dilemmas of infrastructure development are presented and discussed, and the application of KLEMS productivity accounting to the quantitative study of this issue is proposed. The mentioned work is developed by making the relevant calculations within this accounting also at the Polish voievodeship level, rather than only at the aggregate level of the economy. The results are accompanied by a commentary which, among other things, points out that the productive effects of capital engaged in development can now be studied in this way.
PL
Opracowanie jest rozwinięciem pracy: D. Kotlewski, Oszacowanie wpływu rozwoju infrastruktury na wzrost gospodarczy w świetle rachunku produktywności KLEMS, „Myśl Ekonomiczna i Polityczna” 2022, nr 3(74), w której zaprezentowano i przedyskutowano dylematy związane z rozwojem infrastruktury oraz zaproponowano zastosowanie rachunku produktywności KLEMS do ilościowego badania tego zagadnienia. Rozwinięcie to polega na dokonaniu odpowiednich obliczeń w ramach tego rachunku również na poziomie województw, a nie tylko na poziomie zagregowanym gospodarki. Wyniki opatrzono komentarzem, w którym m.in. wskazuje się, że w ten sposób można obecnie badać skutki produkcyjne angażowanego w rozwój kapitału.
EN
The aim of the article is to present the main body of the KLEMS growth accounting recently implemented in Poland. The works on the KLEMS productivity accounting in Poland started in 2013 and focused on areas such as the development of methodology and the availability and assessment of data. These efforts enabled preparing KLEMS data sets pertaining to the Polish economy and moreover proved that unavailable data can be effectively estimated. Additionally, interesting but complex and debatable results were obtained, such as labour hoarding together with remunerations' freezing around the 2009 crisis, accompanied by a natural drop in the capital contribution growth and an increase in the MFP contribution, which most probably indicated effective reorganizations in the economy. In the years 2012-2014, increasing labour and capital contributions did not fully translate into gross value added growth, which led to negative MFP growths, as these are calculated residually. This, however, changed completely in the last two years of the time span covered by the research, namely in 2015-2016. An industry-level analysis became also possible, showing that the Polish economy was developing dynamically and undergoing intensive modernisation, which was obtained, however, with a debatable contribution of the State. To study the debatable features of the Polish economy in a greater detail, a further decomposition of the labour factor growth into four sub-factor contributions instead of two sub-factor contributions was performed. This additional analysis confirmed that labour hoarding phenomenon specific for Poland contributed to a softer impact of the 2007-09 financial crisis on this country’s economy.
EN
The generally adopted view is that the gross-output-based MFP is the most correct in terms of methodology, and the value-added-based MFP is its imperfect substitute performed when some data are missing. In this paper, however, performing both of them and comparing their results is proposed as a valuable means to studying the development of outsourcing in the economy. The paper presents the elaboration of the methodology for the latter, which is its main contribution to the field. The case of the Polish economy is used as an applicative example (covering the period between 2005 and 2016), as KLEMS growth accounting has recently been implemented in Poland. The results demonstrate that around the year 2011, the expansion of outsourcing ceased. Since outsourcing was one of the main processes of the Polish transition, this observation can be considered as an indication of the maturing of the market economy in Poland. Moreover, KLEMS growth accounting makes it possible to study this issue through NACE activities, i.e. at the industry level. It shows that manufacturing (section C of NACE) is predominantly responsible for the situation described above, which is the main empirical finding of the study. The dominant role of manufacturing is also confirmed by some other sectoral observations of lesser importance. The methodology developed in this paper can potentially be applied to other countries for which both kinds of MFP are performed.
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PL
Celem artykułu jest pokazanie, w jaki sposób zrealizowano rachunek produktywności gospodarki KLEMS dla Polski. Głównym problemem badawczym było znalezienie sposobu uporania się ze specyficznym dla kraju niedostatkiem danych. W związku z tym postawiono hipotezę, że dzięki pewnym innowacyjnym, ale akceptowalnym technikom oszacowania brakujących danych możliwe jest dostarczenie odpowiednich danych do tego rachunku dla Polski. Po zaprezentowaniu podstawowych informacji o rachunku produktywności gospodarki KLEMS oraz metodologii w artykule pokazano, jak zostały rozwiązane specyficzne problemy, które ujawniły się z danymi.
EN
The aim of the article is to demonstrate how the KLEMS economic productivity accounts for Poland have been performed. The main research problem was to find solutions to certain country‑specific data insufficiencies. On this basis, a hypothesis was put forward that by using some innovative but acceptable missing data assessment techniques, it is possible to supply sufficient data for Poland for the mentioned accounts. After an overview of KLEMS economic productivity accounts and the relevant fundamental methodology, the article presents further how specific data problems that have arisen have been solved.    
PL
The article presents the origins of the KLEMS Growth and Productivity Accounts, that is descendant from the Solow’s well known economic growth decomposition. They discuss further the methodological details of the Accounts, present the international context and the implementation aspects of the KLEMS Growth and Productivity Accounts in Poland, that is actually being performed in the Central Statistical Office of Poland (CSO). They focus on the specific data environment for this productivity accounts in Poland. Specific techniques of data pre-calculation are presented for the two primary factors — labour and capital.
RU
В статье рассматривается происхождение и состояние счета производительности KLEMS. Были сообщены методологические детали счета, был представлен также его международный контекст и аспекты использования в польских условиях. Было отмечено, что учетная запись проводится в ЦСУ. Авторы представили доступность данных, используемых для счета в Польше, а также представили метод включения в эти счета труда и капитала.
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