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SENIOR vs. POLANYI ON THE MOTIVATIONS BEHIND THE 1833 FACTORY ACT: EVIDENCE FROM CONTEMPORARY OBSERVERS

100%
Özgür M. E.
International Journal of Emerging and Transition Economies (IJETE)
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2012
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vol. 5
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issue 1-2
1-15
EN
In the 19th century, the British Parliament passed a series of acts to regulate the employment of children, adolescents and adult women in factories. The 1833 Factory Act, which aimed at improving the working conditions of children in textile factories, is considered the first effective act. Although the general belief was that the factory acts were the result of humanitarian considerations, the underlying motivations of the politicians who supported the 1833 Factory Act have been questioned since then. In a letter he wrote in 1837, Nassau W. Senior argued that operatives pushed for restricting the work hours of children to increase the price of their labor. Putting Senior’s argument in the center of their debate, a group of economists argued that they provided a public choice perspective emphasizing the role of pressure on the part of an interest group (operatives in this case) in the legislative process. Karl Polanyi, on the other hand, presented a totally different, if not completely opposite approach. He put forward the idea that the laboring people were hardly effective in this legislative activity which primarily reflected the resistance of the landlords to mill owners whose interests conflicted on the issue of food prices. This paper searches for evidence to support these arguments by rereading four factory guide books written in the twelve-year period following the 1833 Factory Act. To this end, Andrew Ure’s The Philosophy of Manufactures (1835), Peter Gaskell’s Artisans and Machinery (1836), William Cooke Taylor’s Factories and the Factory System (1844) and Friedrich Engels’ The Condition of the Working Class in England (1845) are reviewed.
2
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Economic process as institutionalization of values. Karl Polanyi’s institutional theory and its ethical consequences

100%
Kassner M.
Annales. Etyka w Życiu Gospodarczym
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2017
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vol. 20
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issue 6
69-86
EN
This article is devoted to a critical reconstruction of Karl Polanyi’s institutional theory and its ethical consequences. Starting with the distinction between the formal (neoclassical) and the substantive (institutional) understanding of the economy, the article proceeds to discuss the main forms of institutional integration of economic life described by Polanyi: reciprocity (symmetry), redistribution (centricity), and exchange (market). In this context, the author examines the connection between the work of Karl Polanyi and the economic anthropology represented by the works of Richard Thurnwald and Bronisław Malinowski. The author argues that three main forms of institutional integration of economic life introduced by Karl Polanyi can be interpreted both as analytical tools to describe institutions and as a grand scheme for the classification of different economic systems. The next section of the article is devoted to a comparison between the institutional theories of Douglass North and Karl Polanyi. For North, the main explanatory category is the idea of transaction costs, whereas for Polanyi the key idea is that of the social embeddedness of the economy. When speaking about the social embeddedness of the economy, Polanyi draws our attention to the inseparable bonds which exist between economic institutions on the one hand, and culture, social structure and politics on the other. This theoretical difference between North and Polanyi, the author argues, has important ethical consequences. If Polanyi is right, then institutions are not only alternative solutions to a certain economic problem (i.e. the efficient allocation of resources, the reduction of transaction costs) but above all they are the embodiment of different conceptions of a good life. In conclusion, the author emphasizes the political dimension of Karl Polanyi’s institutional theory, along with its intriguing promise of liberating our social and political life from the economistic fallacy, that is, from the unfortunate tendency to think about society in market terms.
3
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Jak opisać dynamikę polityczną polskiej transformacji?

89%
Kassner M.
Przegląd Krytyczny
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2021
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vol. 3
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issue 1
19-50
EN
This article is maintained in the convention of a working paper. It aims to sketch an interpretation of the Polish political transformation from the perspective of Karl Polanyi’s theory, particularly his concept of double movement. According to the proposed reading, the anti-liberal turn initiated by the electoral victory of the Law and Justice party in 2015 is a response to the commodification of labour, land and money as a result of neoliberal economic reforms.
PL
Niniejszy artykuł utrzymany jest w konwencji working paper, a jego celem jest naszkicowanie interpretacji polskiej transformacji ustrojowej z punktu widzenia teorii Karla Polanyi’ego, w szczególności zaś jego koncepcji ruchu dwukierunkowego. W myśl proponowanego odczytania antyliberalny zwrot zapoczątkowany przez zwycięstwo wyborcze Prawa i Sprawiedliwości w 2015 roku jest odpowiedzią na utowarowienie pracy, ziemi i pieniądza wskutek neoliberalnych reform gospodarczych.
4
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Szatański młyn, czyli kilka uwag o Wielkiej transformacji Polanyiego

89%
Koryś P.
Stan Rzeczy
|
2011
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issue 1(1)
146-154
PL
Artykuł przedstawia poglądy Karla Polanyiego na tle myśli pierwszej połowy XX wieku. Zrekonstruowane w nim zostały główne tezy Wielkiej Transformacji dotyczące formowania się dziewiętnastowiecznego kapitalizmu, który niszczył dawne struktury, i nowoczesnego społeczeństwa, które zapoznało jego rolę.
EN
The article presents the ideas of Karl Polanyi against the background of worldview of the first half of 20th century. It reconstructs basic concepts of The Great Transformation, concerning capitalism in 19th century, destroyed old structures, and modern society, which misinterpreted the role of the market exchange.
5
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On the Multiple Varieties, Consequences and Paradoxes of the Commodification of Nature

75%
Ziółkowski M., Baranowski M., Drozdowski R.
Polish Sociological Review
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2020
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vol. 211
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issue 3
281-300
EN
The article aims to characterise the variety of processes and mechanisms of nature commodification from a sociological perspective. Its general theoretical framework is based on Karl Polanyi’s The Great Transformation and the economic-sociological theory of ownership, on the basis of which the social, economic and political determinants, actual modalities, and especially the intended and unintended social and ecological consequences and paradoxes of the processes of nature commodification and decommodification are analysed. This analysis (running across unilateral typologies and approaches), tries to go beyond the narrow and one-sided characteristics of complex practices of human impact on nature, taking into account both their positive and negative consequences where the robbery policy of conquering nature is mixed with attempts of protecting it. The general theoretical argument is illustrated by concrete examples and in particular by Poland’s experiences, both from the period of real socialism and the post-socialist transformation.
6
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Pieniądz jako towar fikcyjny – utopia liberalizmu według Karla Polanyiego

75%
Kozubowski J.
Annales. Etyka w Życiu Gospodarczym
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2020
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vol. 23
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issue 3
21-36
EN
This article concerns Karl Polanyi’s theory of money as a fictitious commodity and its importance for understanding liberal ideology. According to the Hungarian economist, money is not a commodity but a social relation between the debtor and the creditor. Therefore, the complete commodification of money is part of a liberal utopia, as it is associated with a counter-movement and an economic crisis, two processes that make impossible the constitution of a market society. The author analyzes the problem of counter-movement through the prism of Karl Mannheim’s theory of utopia and ideology. The final part of the article deals with the problem of economic crises, Polanyi’s views on the nature of economic breakdown are compared with contemporary reflection on the role of money in financial markets.
7
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Gospodarka jako zinstytucjonalizowany proces. Instytucjonalizm Karla Polanyiego i jego etyczne konsekwencje

75%
Kassner M.
Annales. Etyka w Życiu Gospodarczym
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2017
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vol. 20
|
issue 2
45-61
EN
This article is devoted to a critical reconstruction of Karl Polanyi’s institutional theory and its ethical consequences. Starting with the distinction between the formal (neoclassical) and the substantial (institutional) understanding of the economy, the article proceeds to discuss the main forms of institutional integration of economic life described by Polanyi: reciprocity (symmetry), redistribution (centricity), and exchange (market). In this context, the author examines the connection between the work of Karl Polanyi and the economic anthropology represented by the works of Richard Thurnwald and Bronisław Malinowski. The author argues that three main forms of institutional integration of economic life introduced by Karl Polanyi can be interpreted both as analytical tools to describe institutions and as a grand scheme for the classification of different economic systems. The next section of the article is devoted to a comparison between the institutional theories of Douglass North and Karl Polanyi. For North, the main explanatory category is the idea of transaction costs, whereas for Polanyi the key idea is that of the social embeddedness of the economy. When speaking about the social embeddedness of the economy, Polanyi draws our attention to the inseparable bonds which exist between economic institu tions on the one hand, and culture, social structure and politics on the other hand. This theoretical difference between North and Polanyi, the author argues, has important ethical consequences. If Polanyi is right, then institutions are not only alternative solutions to a certain economic problem (i.e. the efficient allocation of resources, the reduction of transaction costs) but above all they are the embodiment of different conceptions of a good life. In conclusion, the author emphasizes the political dimension of Karl Polanyi’s institutional theory with its intriguing promise of liberating our social and political life from the economic fallacy, that is, from the unfortunate tendency to think about society in market terms.
PL
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8
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Społeczeństwo rynkowe po socjalizmie: koncepcje Polanyiego w interpretacji Chrisa Hanna

62%
Romaniszyn K.
Kultura i Społeczeństwo
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2020
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vol. 64
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issue 2
217-225
PL
The author discusses Chris Hann’s book Repatriating Polanyi, as a good opportunity for remembering Karl Polanyi’s character and output. In their time, Polanyi’s ideas about human economies were widely discussed in the social sciences, including in economic anthropology, and had a considerable impact on them. The text deals with those themes of Polanyi’s work that Hann addresses, that is, the question of forms of economic integration and his concept of double movement.
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