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1

XIV Kongres Międzynarodowej Unii Architektów (UIA) w Warszawie

100%

Bruszewski A.

Ochrona Zabytków

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1982

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issue 1-2

130-131

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Karta Wenecka czy Karta Konserwacji Zabytków?

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Krzyżanowski L.

Ochrona Zabytków

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1975

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issue 3-4

217-221

EN

In reference to the discussion that is being led in this country with concern to application of provisions contained in the Charter of Venice the author expressed a view th at the art of conservation can be considered as the interpretative humanist activity which is by no means in conflict with the main rule of conservation. The rules of conservation tre atments formulated in various times, though ranging over the national levels and progressive in their nature, while gathered to form a collection grew to an expression of views typical of a certain defined stage of historical development. Thus there arises a need of permanent confronting the present views of conservators with the relevant regulations in force and with documents declaratory as to their character. The Charter of Venice, a document that was not subjected to discussion in Poland until 1974 may be considered such an act. It did not also have any essential rank of a document governing the practice of conservation. On the other hand a legal act that makes the sign of equality between the rebuilding and reconstruction which, however, is in contradiction with rules of the Venice Charter. According to the author the Charter of Venice does not constitute a document covering the problems of both conservation and restoration of all historical monuments, but it relates to part of them only. So it seems quite easy to arrive at a reflection th a t the Charter of Venice has been confined in its coverage to architectural objects alone. But a definition of historical monuments is considered inadequate, for the material succession of the past forms a certain contained entity to which the passing years has been making their contributions and which is being also lessened with elapsing time. Each of its components is a document of the past. The appropriate formulations made by conservators relating to one area of art do not, however, exclude the integrated approach to the problem. In the case of conservation of architecture and te movable historical monuments the common undertaking of the problem of authenticity and of original matter of a historical monument will prove profitable for conservation of architecture where the primple of respect for an original object too often gives to place in favour of the object’s function and of technology. There is an urgent need to prepare a document on conservation having national character that could ' give a rise for international discussion.

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Uwagi na marginesie artykułu K. E. Larsena pt. "O ochronie zabytków Japonii" opublikowanym w "ICOMOS Information" 1988, nr 3

63%

Bielawski B.

Ochrona Zabytków

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1989

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issue 3-4

282-285

EN

The remarks presented here refer to the following conclusion of K.E. Larsen’s article. „We must accept that the problem of authenticity is relative and has to be interpreted in accordance with natural, material and cultural conditions in each country". Following K.E. Larsen, the author of these remarks describes in brief the „natural, material and cultural conditions" of Japan's architectural monuments. The configuration of the land and the climate have always caused the country to be rich in wood, while the frequent earthquakes have determined that not stone, but light and flexible wood has been generally used in construction. The natural and material resources have in turn had their influence on the development in Japan of a rich system of joining wood. The adopted techniques made it possible to easily dismantle wooden structures and to change the deteriorated elements. A relative instability of this material in Japan's climate led to the frequent changing of building elements or even to entire reconstruction. However, cultural aspects such as Shintoism, the cult of ancestors and traditions favoured the preservation of form. In other words, the material of the structure could be changed, but its form had to be retained. The authenticity of form was possible thanks to the preservation and transfer from generation to generation of the ability to reproduce form. This tradition of restoration collided in the beginning of the 20th cent, with the Western idea of authenticity and conservation that had come into being on European ground in different natural, material (stone) and cultural conditions. The Western idea of authenticity strongly accentuates the necessity of retaining the continuity of the substance of a monument, because this is what determines whether something can be considered as a document of the past. The value of a document is particularly treasured in the culture of the West. This Western interpretation of authenticity has been adopted as the basis for the principles of the Athens Charter (1931 ) and the Venice Charter (1964), which attempted to determine the rules of conservation on an international scale. Japan complies with these principles, while also trying to protect its own traditions and the historical skills of reconstruction. It is important to preserve the traditional techniques considered to be significat, non-material cultural property subject to legal protection. In Poland, after the last war, on account of unprecedented demages, many structures were rebuilt contrary to the recommendations of the above-mentioned Athens and Venice charters. In these reconstructions, similarly as in Japan, emphasis was put on the recreation of the historical form. As opposed to Japan, however, traditional techniques were not much respected. Recently, Poland has also realized the necessity of retaining the dying out traditional crafts, such as carpentering, smithery and the importance of their appropriate use in conservation. In the manner of Japan, the current amendments of the Polish legal act on the protection of cultural property provides for the protection of non-material cultural property as well, e.g. historical skills, customs, crafts.

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„Dobre miasto”. W poszukiwaniu właściwej społeczno-przestrzennej formy miasta

51%

Karwińska A.

Studia Miejskie

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2011

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vol. 4

57-74

EN

One might say that the social history of cities is a continuous search for the best form of urban space and the urban community. This process was and is proceeding in the sphere of ideology, which brings further visions of ideal (supreme) cities, as well as in the sphere of practice, often by trial-and-error. A question about the good city is important particularly today, when more than 50% of the world population lives in the cities, and in Europe this percentage reaches 75%. Looking for the proper (adequate) social and spatial forms for the city we formulate two types of expectations: one in relation to population characteristics and the way of arranging social life, the second in relation to organizing and equipping urban space. Therefore, well-functioning city, as the human environment should realize at least the basic functions: to meet needs and create community. The implementation of these expectations depends on many factors, both endogenous and exogenous nature, crucial are still answers for the questions what exactly makes a city good place to live and how to achieve this state. This is a problem of evaluation criteria, the problem of defining the risks, and finally a matter of finding the right tools and means for shaping both, the spatial and social forms of the city. Article considers these issues by referring to the old concepts of ideal cities, as well as to contemporary research present in documents such as the New Athens Charter from 2003, the World Charter on the Rights to the City or The Leipzig Charter on Sustainable European Cities from 2007.

PL

Można powiedzieć, ze społeczna historia miast jest ciągłym poszukiwaniem najlepszej formy przestrzeni miejskiej i najlepszej formy społeczności miasta. Ten proces toczył się i toczy w sferze ideologii – co przynosi kolejne wizje miast idealnych (doskonałych), a także w sferze praktyki – prowadzonej często metoda prób i błędów. Pytanie o dobre miasto jest szczególnie istotne dziś, kiedy w skali świata ponad 50% ludności stanowią mieszkańcy miast, a w Europie odsetek ten sięga 75%. Poszukując właściwej (adekwatnej) formy społecznej i przestrzennej dla miasta formułujemy dwa rodzaje oczekiwań: jedne w stosunku do cech zbiorowości i sposobu zorganizowania życia społecznego, drugie w stosunku do sposobu zorganizowania i wyposażenia przestrzeni miejskiej. A zatem dobrze funkcjonujące miasto jako środowisko człowieka powinno realizować co najmniej podstawowe funkcje: zaspokajania potrzeb i tworzenia wspólnoty. Realizacja tych oczekiwań jest zależna od wielu czynników, mających zarówno endogenny, jak i egzogenny charakter, kluczowe są tu jednak odpowiedzi na pytania, co właściwie czyni miasto dobrym (odpowiednim) miejscem do życia i jakie są możliwości osiągania tego stanu. Jest to problem kryteriów oceny, problem zdefiniowania zagrożeń, wreszcie kwestia znalezienia odpowiednich narzędzi i środków pozwalających na kształtowanie zarówno przestrzennej, jak i społecznej formy miasta. Artykuł rozważa te zagadnienia odwołując się do dawnych koncepcji miast idealnych, a także do współczesnych poszukiwań zawartych w takich dokumentach, jak Nowa karta ateńska (New Athens Charter) z 2003 r., Światowa karta praw do miasta (The World Charter on the rights to the city) czy Karta lipska na temat zrównoważonych miast europejskich z 2007 r.

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1 Krzyżanowski L.

XIV Kongres Międzynarodowej Unii Architektów (UIA) w Warszawie

Karta Wenecka czy Karta Konserwacji Zabytków?

Uwagi na marginesie artykułu K. E. Larsena pt. "O ochronie zabytków Japonii" opublikowanym w "ICOMOS Information" 1988, nr 3

„Dobre miasto”. W poszukiwaniu właściwej społeczno-przestrzennej formy miasta