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1

ROLA PIELGRZYMEK W KSZTAŁTOWANIU TOŻSAMOŚCI KASZUBSKIEJ

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Mazurek M.

Colloquium Wydziału Nauk Humanistycznych i Społecznych AMW

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2015

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issue 3

125-143

EN

Next to the language, history (or rather historical memory) or inhabited a territory of the common name, religion is considered as one of the determinants of ethnic identity. Ethnicity happens to be context-sensitive, because of certain ethnic characteristics such as language, customs, traditions, while religion manifests themselves in particular situations. Ethnicity – which is particularly evident in modern times – is multidimensional, because of many ways we can distinguish or define social groups. Religion, in turn, can be treated as a cultural system. This article deals with the role it plays religion (understood as a system of meanings, as a cultural system) in shaping the identity of an ethnic minority – Kashubs. Kashubians, an ethnic minority living in northern Poland, speak a regional – Kashubian. They are predominantly Catholic, and the Catholic religion plays a significant part in their lives (even today). This article presents the meaning of pilgrimage in the creation of Kashubian group identity.

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Kaszubski dyskurs narodowościowy – spojrzenie antropologiczne

100%

Dołowy-Rybińska N.

Sprawy Narodowościowe

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2013

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issue 43

EN

Kashubian national discourse – an anthropological viewpointAn animated discussion concerning the status of the Kashubs is at present ongoing in Kashubia. In 2005, the Act on National and Ethnic Minorities and the Regional Language was passed in Poland and Kashubian gained the status of a regional language within Poland but Kashubs were not recognized as a distinct group. Following the 2011 Census, the Association of People of Kashubian Nationality, Kaszëbskô Jednota, was created. The Association considers Kashubs to be a nation and is striving to change the Kashub status to that of an ethnic minority. The Kashubian–Pomeranian Association which until now was the only institutional representative of Kashubs does not recognize the Kaszëbskô Jednota aspirations and they consider that Kashubs have a double Polish and Kashubian identity. Both organizations are trying to convince as many people as possible to support their arguments. Meanwhile in Kashubia there are numerous cultural and political movements which influence the Kashubian identity. This article is an analysis of the Kashubian national discourse based on socio-scientific texts and Kaszëbskô Jednota information documents, media sources and interviews with young Kashubs engaged in the movement. This analysis confirms that the Kashubian identity is changing and the discussions underline different perceptions of the role which Kashubs should have in Poland.

3

Kaszubski dyskurs narodowościowy – spojrzenie antropologiczne

100%

Dołowy-Rybińska, N.

Sprawy Narodowościowe

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2013

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issue 43

107-129

XX

An animated discussion concerning the status of the Kashubs is at present ongoing in Kashubia. In 2005, the Act on National and Ethnic Minorities and the Regional Language was passed in Poland and Kashubian gained the status of a regional language within Poland but Kashubs were not recognized as a distinct group. Following the 2011 Census, the Association of People of Kashubian Nationality, Kaszëbskô Jednota, was created. The Association considers Kashubs to be a nation and is striving to change the Kashub status to that of an ethnic minority. The Kashubian–Pomeranian Association which until now was the only institutional representative of Kashubs does not recognize the Kaszëbskô Jednota aspirations and they consider that Kashubs have a double Polish and Kashubian identity. Both organizations are trying to convince as many people as possible to support their arguments. Meanwhile in Kashubia there are numerous cultural and political movements which influence the Kashubian identity. This article is an analysis of the Kashubian national discourse based on socio-scientific texts and Kaszëbskô Jednota information documents, media sources and interviews with young Kashubs engaged in the movement. This analysis confirms that the Kashubian identity is changing and the discussions underline different perceptions of the role which Kashubs should have in Poland.

4

Najstarsze tłumaczenia tekstów biblijnych na język kaszubski

100%

Sikora A. R.

Poznańskie Studia Teologiczne

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2008

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issue 22

55-65

EN

This paper discusses translations of biblical passages into Kashubian which originated in Evangelical circles between the 16lh and 19th centuries. Although the tradition of translation dates back to the 16th century, translation of the entire Bible, or at least one complete biblical book, which would have originated in this particular environment has not been preserved. Presumably it never existed. The oldest translations of biblical texts into Kashubian were generally based on the German language. The first printed book with texts in Kashubian included, among others, eleven works defined as Psalms and a range of short passages originating both from the Old Testament and the New Testament. This very book was the Simon Krofey’s Hymnal published in Gdańsk in 1586. Translation of The Small Catechism of Martin Luther came out approximately half a century later, and similarly to the Krofey’s Hymnal it included many biblical passages. However, the biggest collection of biblical texts which has survived is dated for the turn of the 17th and 18* centuries. These texts are found in the so-called Smoldzinian Perikopes, containing lessons and Gospels for all Sundays and church holidays. Many smaller passages of the older translation of biblical texts represent only occasional translations of biblical passages incorporated in other religious texts. The first intended and methodical translation of texts from the Sacred Scripture into Kashubian was the collection of so-called Smoldzinian Perikopes. Research conducted on these translations allows to conclude that although authors of these translations did not translate from original texts, but in most cases from the German language, their translations of the Bible are characterised by a high degree of faithfulness to the thought of original texts. Moreover, accuracy and efforts to make the texts comprehensible and literary beautiful grant their authors the best testimony.

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Kilka uwag na temat stutusu fonologicznego kontynuantów *[kj, gj] w starszej i współczesnej kaszubszczyźnie centralnej

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Jocz L.

Linguistica Copernicana

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2012

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issue 2(8)

117-126

EN

The aim of the present paper is to establish, if the reflexes of *[kj, gj] in Central Kashubian (previously ʨ,ʥ], today [ʧ,ʤ] can be interpreted as allophones of /k,g/ betofe front vowels. This widespread hypothesis is supported by some very regular alternations. It is shown that the previously postulated phonological rule is not acceptable. There still exist some cases, where /k,g/ do not undergo palatalization and assibilation before front vowels, and for which no convincing additional rules can be established ) before the final -em, before the suffix -iw(a)-, in the equivalent of the Polish lexeme giąć, in some loanwords, which cannot be recognized as a result of codeswitching). In this case one hat to accept the existence of distinct phonemes /ʨ,ʥ/. In contemporary Central Kashubian the reflexes of *[kj, gj] underwent coalescence with these of *[ʧ,ʤ]. The latter do not show any significant distributive restrictions, and the mentioned phonological problem is in this case virtually irrelevant for the description of the contemporary stage of the language.

6

System samogłoskowy współczesnej kaszubszczyzny północno-zachodniej

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Jocz L.

Slavia Occidentalis

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2015

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issue 72/1

39-63

PL

This article is dedicated to the vocalism of the contemporary Żarnowiec dialect (spoken in Wierzchucino and Nadole). On the one hand, an acoustic and phonetic analysis has identified certain phonetic archaisms (like the central or frontal and central pronunciation of /u/) and has aided in-depth descriptions of sounds previously referred to in a very imprecise way (*/aː/ pronounced as a near-close rounded vowel, central, [ɵ] type). On the other hand, the analysis has provided grounds for acknowledging the important phonetic changes which have occurred in the Kashubian dialect in the past few decades; some of these consist in completing specific phenomena. These include the general dissemination of the diphthongal pronunciation of stressed /e, o, ɛ, ɔ/, the highly back and rounded pronunciation of /ɒ/, the front and open pronunciation of /æ/ in Nadole and the extended scope of the phonological and phonetic reduction of non-stressed vowels (the phonemes /ɘ̟, ɛ, æ/ are always, /ɵ, e/ nearly always and /i/ is relatively rarely pronounced in the same way when not stressed). The result of this reduction is a distinctly centralized vowel or a central vowel of the [ɜ] type. From the phonological point of view, attention should be paid primarily to the ultimate loss of nasal vowel phonemes. Contrary to existing descriptions, the vocal continuant */ã/ has not been merged phonologically with /e/ but a new oral phoneme /ɘ̟/ has been established. It is worth emphasizing that a majority of the identified changes do not bring the dialect closer to the Polish language, rather, they take it further away from it.

7

Five Centuries of Bible Translations into Kashubian

88%

Sikora A. R.

Verbum Vitae

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2021

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vol. 39

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issue 4

1175-1192

EN

This paper discusses translations of biblical passages into Kashubian, which originated in the Lutheran circles between the 16th and the 19th centuries, followed by translations made in the Catholic circles in the 20th and the 21st centuries. The history of these translations has been divided into two periods: “old translations” and “contemporary translations.” The former comprise various bibli[1]cal texts preserved in manuscripts and printed monuments, which came into being between 1586 and the second half of the 19th century. The fundamental texts of this period include the works by Szymon Krofey (1586), Michał Pontanus (1643), and Perykopy smołdzińskie (1699–1701). The old translations were done from German in the Protestant circles in West Pomerania. In turn, the “contemporary trans[1]lations” of biblical texts into Kashubian embrace translations from the second half of the 20th century, which were produced in the Catholic environment of Gdańsk Pomerania: from Latin (Mk 4:3-20) by Alojzy Nagel (1973), from Latin (four Gospels) by Rev. Franciszek Grucza (1992), from Polish (the New Testament and the Psalms) by Eugeniusz Gołąbek (1993–2007) and my own translations from Hebrew and Greek (the Four Gospels, the Pentateuch, Ecclesiastes) prepared in 2001–2020.

8

Sourcing Data from Wikipedia for the Study of Language Contact: the csbwiki

88%

Borges R.

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2022

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vol. Special Issue

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issue 18

7-22

EN

Contact-induced language change is pervasive in contexts involving historically minoritized languages, where social contexts are not particularly conducive to equitable intergroup relations. Empirically driven studies involving these language contexts allow us to more thoroughly understand the social and cognitive processes that lead to language change. Paradoxically, empirical data on minoritized languages is relatively scarce and expensive to generate. But in the digital age we have the ability to look beyond the traditional data types used in language studies, like spoken data gathered under fieldwork conditions, literature, etc. In this paper, I will explore the potential utility of user-created wiki data in investigating Polish influence on the Kashubian language.

9

Polak-katolik, Niemiec-ewangelik – obecność stereotypu narodowościowo-wyznaniowego wśród ludności kościerskiej okresu międzywojennego (1920-1939)

75%

Rachwalska J.

Przegląd Zachodni

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2018

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issue 1(366)

211-223

EN

The purpose of the article is a portrayal of a stereotypical national and confessional notion of a Polish Catholic and German Protestant during the interwar period (1920-1939) in Kościerzyna as well as a complementation of the results of general studies of the town’s history. The assumption stating that the existing stereotype was formed during the Reformation as an aftermath of the encounter between two dissimilar sets of culture, nationality and faith points towards the stereotype’s durable character as well as its prevalence and influence on how the individuals belonging to the two realms perceived one another. This has rendered questions regarding the origins of the said stereotype extremely urgent, in particular with regard to Kościerzyna as part of Kashubia. Furthermore, the characteristic traits and the content of the stereotype is another area of inquiry. Thirdly, what factors shaped the body of the above mentioned stereotype and how it was perpetuated in the communal mind is another matter of interest. An exhaustive analysis of the archival sources including population records, documents drawn by the town’s public servants and a district office’s reports allowed to recreate the town’s ethnic structure in the period of 1920-1939 and proved that German Catholics and Polish Protestants were found among its inhabitants. That said, analysis of the body of the literature, the press, written memoirs and collected interviews (based on Jan Błuszkowski’s statute concept of a stereotype) revealed that the essence of the stereotype is rooted in associating nationality with confession, a dualistic notion of us versus them and other characteristic features such as durability, irrelevance of experience, activation of language, emotionally-burdened valuing and reliance on a partially twisted image of the investigated community.

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Prof. dr hab. Jerzy Treder (1942–2015)

63%

Popowska-Taborska H.

Rocznik Slawistyczny

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2015

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vol. 64

3-7

11

Zmiany w statusie języka kaszubskiego od połowy XX wieku do początku XXI wieku

51%

Zieniukowa J.

Etnolingwistyka. Problemy Języka i Kultury

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2009

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vol. 21

259-269

PL

O statusie języka jako środka werbalnego porozumiewania się ludzi we wspólnocie komunikatywnej decydują: struktura (leksyka i gramatyka), społeczne funkcjonowanie oraz prestiż, tj. wartościujące postrzeganie danego języka. Zdobywanie prestiżu jest uwarunkowane tworzeniem normy ponaddialektalnej (języka literackiego, standardowego), rozwojem piśmiennictwa, zakresem funkcjonowania języka (język żywy, zdolny do tworzenia tekstów stylu wysokiego). Artykuł ukazuje zmiany w statusie kaszubszczyzny od końca II wojny światowej do dziś, przejście od wielojęzyczności Kaszub (dawniej 4 kody: gwarowy kaszubski, polski standardowy, niemiecki standardowy, dolnoniemiecki) do bilingwizmu kaszubskopolskiego oraz od kaszubszczyzny dialektalnej do języka literackiego. Autorka wyróżnia tu dwa okresy: 1) od 1945 r. do ok. 1975 r. -- cechuje go zagrożenie dominacją języka polskiego, niski prestiż języka kaszubskiego, osłabienie przekazu międzypokoleniowego (ale rozwój badań kaszubszczyzny); 2) od ok. 1975 r. (przyjęcie zasad pisowni kaszubskiej) do dziś – charakteryzuje go ożywienie kaszubszczyzny, tendencje emancypacyjne, formowanie języka literackiego, wielość kanałów jego upowszechniania, polityka językowa prowadzona przez instytucje, wzrost prestiżu języka kaszubskiego (od 2005 r. ma prawny status języka regionalnego w Polsce).

EN

The status of a language as a verbal means of communication is determined by its structure (lexis and grammar), its social position and its prestige, i.e. evaluative social reception. High prestige is requires the emergence of a super-dialectal norm (a literary or standard variety), a development of literature and other writings, the scope of the language’s application (a living tongue, used for the creation of texts in high style). The article shows changes in the status of the Kashubian language since the end of WWII until today, a transition from the multilingualism of the region (formerly four codes: regional Kashubian, standard Polish, standard German and Low German) to Kashubian-Polish bilingualism, and from dialectal to literary Kashubian. Two periods are distinguished: from 1945 to 1975, a period characterized by the threat of Polish dominance, a low prestige of Kashubian, a weakening of generation-to-generation language transfer (but also a development of research on things Kashubian), and from 1975 (a standardization of Kashubian orthography) onwards, a period characterized by a revival of Kashubian culture, a desire for emancipation, the emergence of literary Kashubian, a multitude of the channels of its dissemination, language politics, and a rise in the prestige of the language (since 2005 an officially recognized regional language in Poland).

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Konstrukcje bezosobowe z podmiotem arbitralnym i generycznym w gramatyce kaszubskiej i śląskiej na tle gramatyki polskiej

51%

Jocz M., Ruda M., Wanot B.

Polonica

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2022

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vol. 42

95-113

EN

This paper presents a preliminary contrastive overview of impersonal constructions in the Kashubian and Silesian grammars against the background of Polish grammar. The research, based both on corpus texts and on additional native speaker data, has shown that the systems of impersonal constructions in Polish, Kashubian and Silesian are similar in most cases. Namely, the only significant difference between Polish and Silesian revealed by the research so far is the availability of the auxiliary be in the Silesian -no/-to construction. This construction is absent from Kashubian, which also differs from Polish and Silesian in the case of generic uses concerning modal predicates such as may, which are inflected for the third person singular masculine here.

PL

Celem niniejszego artykułu jest przedstawienie wstępnego przeglądu kontrastywnego konstrukcji bezosobowych w gramatyce kaszubskiej i śląskiej na tle gramatyki polskiej. Badania, w których wykorzystano zarówno korpusy tekstów, jak i dodatkowe dane dostarczone przez rodzimych użytkowników, wykazały, że w większości przypadków systemy konstrukcji bezosobowych w języku polskim, kaszubskim i śląskim są podobne. Mianowicie w przypadku języka polskiego i śląskiego jedyną istotną różnicą, którą ujawniły dotychczasowe badania, jest możliwość użycia w języku śląskim czasownika posiłkowego być w konstrukcji z formą na -no/-to. Forma ta jest nieobecna w języku kaszubskim, który również różni się od języka polskiego i śląskiego w przypadku generycznych użyć predykatów modalnych typu można, które występują tu w trzeciej osobie liczby pojedynczej rodzaju męskiego.

13

Odniesienia intertekstualne obecne w tłumaczeniu dramatu Ślub Witolda Gombrowicza na język kaszubski w świetle badań komparatystycznych

51%

Makurat H.

Przekłady Literatur Słowiańskich

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2014

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vol. 5

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issue 1

174-183

XX

Hewòtny articzel pòswiãcony je zagadnieniu intertekstualnoscë w dolmaczënkù dramatu Zdënk Witolda Gómbrowicza na kaszëbsczi jãzëk, rozezdrzéwónémù na gruńce kòmparatisticznëch badérowaniów. Analiza òbjimô intertekstualné ùprocëmnienia, ùfùndowóné na spòdlowi relacji midzë praùsôdzkã a dolmaczënkã, pòlégającé na zwikszenim abò òsłabienim elementów swójnoscë i cëzoscë. Mieszczą sã tuwò w òsoblëwòscë: intertekstualnosc na rówiznie polisemii, intertekstualnosc na rówiznie metafòrë, a téż intertekstualnosc na rówiznie wskôzywôczów òrganizacji tekstu. Ta slédnô kategóriô òbjimô problemë z òdzdrzadlenim wëstąpiwający w praùsôdzkù dramatu gwarowi sztélizacji, òrtografnëch eksperimeńtów i rimów. Eksperimeńtë na jãzëkù przeprowadzoné przez Gómbrowicza nie wiedno ùdało sã òdzdrzadlëc w translacji na kaszëbsczi jãzëk, nimò że béł to dolmaczënk na jãzëk krótkò spòkrewniony.

EN

This article is devoted to the issue of intertextuality in the translation of Witold Gombrowicz’s drama The Marriage into the Kashubian language considered on the ground of comparative researches. The analysis includes intertextual relationships founded on the basic relationship between the original and the translation, consisting of intensification or weakening of familiarity and strangeness elements. In particular it consists of intertextuality at the level of polysemy, intertextuality at the level of metaphor and intertextuality at the level of indicators of text organisation. The latter category includes problems with the reflection of the local dialect style, spelling and rhymes experiments which were all present in the original of the drama. It was not always possible to reflect the language experiments conducted by Witold Gombrowicz in the translation into the Kashubian language, even though it was a translation into a closely related language.

14

Języki regionalne: zagrożenie czy umocnienie polskiej wspólnoty językowej?

51%

Hentschel G.

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2022

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vol. 29

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issue 1

1-13

EN

Gerd Hentschel’s essay concerns the concept of the linguistic community. Hentschel shows that in both political and scholarly discussions, this concept is used unreflectively and its meaning lacks scientific clarity. When this happens, this concept is treated, subconsciously or consciously, as synonymous with that of the national community. This approach belongs to Leo Weisgerber’s tradition and its concepts – which today seem vague – such as the spirit of language and the worldview of language, which provide an ideological framework for distinguishing one linguistic and national community from another. In the Europe of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, these concepts should not be seen in a decidedly negative light. Thus, it is enough to compare the diversity of today’s European geopolitical landscape with the situation after the Congress of Vienna. On the other hand, such concepts can also be seen as an obstacle to the linguistic emancipation of national languages. Dialects are initially only linguistic constructs, which are accorded the dialect status on account of them having certain structural features. Sometimes, however, speakers of different dialects see themselves and their group as something larger, namely, as a linguistic or ethnic community, which is usually based on specific historical, social and cultural events and circumstances. Against this background, Hentschel’s essay is an attempt to construct a non-exclusive concept of linguistic community, i.e., one in which a large linguistic community accepts various smaller ones and in which individuals can belong to more than one without a conflict of loyalty.

PL

Przedstawiony esej dotyczy pojęcia wspólnoty językowej. Pokazuje, że w niektórych dyskusjach politycznych, ale także naukowych, przyjmuje się je bez refleksji i naukowego namysłu. W takim rozumieniu jest wówczas podświadomie lub świadomie utożsamiane z pojęciem wspólnoty narodowej. Przywołane podejście wpisuje się w tradycję Leo Weisgerbera z jego koncepcjami, które dziś wydają się mgliste, takimi jak duch języka i światopogląd języka, które stanowią ideologiczne ramy dla odróżnienia jednych od drugich społeczności językowych i narodowych. W Europie XIX i XX wieku nie należy postrzegać tych koncepcji w zdecydowanie negatywnym świetle, wystarczy choć porównać różnorodność dzisiejszego europejskiego krajobrazu państwowego np. z sytuacją po Kongresie Wiedeńskim. Z drugiej strony, tego typu koncepcje mogą być również postrzegane jako przeszkoda w emancypacji językowej w odniesieniu do języków narodowych. Dialekty są początkowo jedynie konstruktami językowymi, którym przypisuje się dialektalność zgodnie z pewnymi cechami strukturalnymi. Czasami jednak użytkownicy różnych dialektów widzą siebie, swoją grupę jako coś większego, tj. jako wspólnotę językową lub etniczną, której podstawą są zwykle specyficzne wydarzenia o charakterze historycznym, społecznym i kulturowym. Na tym tle esej jest próbą konstruowania niewyłączającej koncepcji wspólnoty językowej, czyli takiej, w której duża wspólnota językowa akceptuje różne mniejsze i w której jednostki mogą należeć do więcej niż jednej, bez konfliktu lojalności.

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ROLA PIELGRZYMEK W KSZTAŁTOWANIU TOŻSAMOŚCI KASZUBSKIEJ

Kaszubski dyskurs narodowościowy – spojrzenie antropologiczne

Kaszubski dyskurs narodowościowy – spojrzenie antropologiczne

Najstarsze tłumaczenia tekstów biblijnych na język kaszubski

Kilka uwag na temat stutusu fonologicznego kontynuantów *[kj, gj] w starszej i współczesnej kaszubszczyźnie centralnej

System samogłoskowy współczesnej kaszubszczyzny północno-zachodniej

Five Centuries of Bible Translations into Kashubian

Sourcing Data from Wikipedia for the Study of Language Contact: the csbwiki

Polak-katolik, Niemiec-ewangelik – obecność stereotypu narodowościowo-wyznaniowego wśród ludności kościerskiej okresu międzywojennego (1920-1939)

Prof. dr hab. Jerzy Treder (1942–2015)

Zmiany w statusie języka kaszubskiego od połowy XX wieku do początku XXI wieku

Konstrukcje bezosobowe z podmiotem arbitralnym i generycznym w gramatyce kaszubskiej i śląskiej na tle gramatyki polskiej

Odniesienia intertekstualne obecne w tłumaczeniu dramatu Ślub Witolda Gombrowicza na język kaszubski w świetle badań komparatystycznych

Języki regionalne: zagrożenie czy umocnienie polskiej wspólnoty językowej?