Celem artykułu jest prezentacja metod mierzenia gospodarki opartej na wiedzy. W szczególności chodzi o dwa sposoby tego pomiaru, oparte na budowie wskaźnika syntetycznego GOW. Pierwsza z nich, to Metodologia Szacowania Wiedzy, przygotowana przez Bank Światowy, w której dokonuje się szacunku gospodarki opartej na wiedzy w 70 krajach świata za pomocą dwu syntetycznych wskaźników - wskaźnika gospodarki wiedzy (Knowlegde Economy Index - KEI) i wskaźnika wiedzy (Knowledge Index - KI). Druga metodologia, Europejska Tablica Wyników w zakresie innowacji, opracowana przez Komisję Europejską, pozwala ocenić stopień zaawansowania gospodarki opartej na wiedzy za pomocą syntetycznego wskaźnika innowacji (Summary Innovation Index - SII). Przedstawiono też ocenę stanu zaawansowania gospodarki opartej na wiedzy w Polsce, wynikającą z opracowań Banku Światowego i Komisji Europejskiej. Analiza wskaźników dowodzi, że Polska zajmuje odległe miejsca w rankingach. W Polsce powinna być przygotowana strategia długoterminowego rozwoju GOW, które powinny przyczynić się do ustanowienia skutecznego systemu tworzenia i upowszechniania innowacji
EN
The aim of the article is to present measuring methods of the knowledge -based economy (KBE) by two ways of measuring, i.e. on the basis of the KBE synthetic indicator and the KBE advancement evaluation in Poland. The methods are as follows: a) Knowledge Assessment Methodology with use of the Knowledge Economy Index (KEI) and the Knowledge Index (KI); b) European Innovation Scoreboard which allows to assess the KBE development level using the Summary Innovation Index (SSI). The analyze of the indices proves that Poland occupies distant places in rankings. In Poland should be prepared a longterm KBE development strategy which should contribute to setting up an effective system of creation and diffusion of innovations.(original abstract)
Artykuł stanowi przyczynek do dyskusji nad koniecznością zmiany modelu gospodarczego Polski na model wykorzystujący wiedzę i innowacje jako czynniki rozwoju odgrywające zasadniczą rolę w warunkach zglobalizowanej gospodarki światowej oraz przyczyniające się do szybkiego postępu technicznego. Kwestia ta jest rozpatrywana w kontekście zdolności gospodarki narodowej do uniknięcia zagrożeń mogących prowadzić do długookresowego osłabienia dynamiki wzrostu gospodarczego, oznaczającego wejście kraju w tzw. pułapkę średniego dochodu. (fragment tekstu)
EN
The article is a contribution to the discussion on the necessity to change the current model of economic growth of Poland for model of economy based on knowledge and innovation. In this way, our country will be able to overcome the threats that might push the economy into the trap of the average income, expressed in long-term slowdown in GDP growth. The endogenous growth theory, formed after 1989 and characterized by duplication of Western technology, enabled relatively rapid growth by over 20 years. Currently, Poland to ensure an economic growth is facing the need for innovative technologies and innovation. Risks associated with middle income trap are very real because of the disappearance of comparative advantage, which results from relatively low labor costs. The creation in Poland conditions to accelerate economic growth requires action to increase the propensity of entrepreneurs to reach for new technologies and innovation and attractive market offer from the national centers for research and development. (original abstract)
Artykuł omawia miary kapitału ludzkiego, wykorzystywane w badaniach makroekonomicznych. Obok wskaźników tradycyjnych, do których zaliczyć można indykatory wyznaczane na podstawie metod kosztowej, dochodowej i edukacyjnej, czy w oparciu o równanie płac Mincera, w artykule przedstawiono kilka alternatywnych miar kapitału ludzkiego. Prezentację uzupełniają komentarze uwypuklające słabe i mocne strony opisywanych rozwiązań. Przedstawione miary mogą mieć zastosowanie w trakcie prac nad empiryczną weryfikacją hipotez o wpływie kapitału ludzkiego na wzrost gospodarczy. (abstrakt oryginalny)
EN
This article focuses on the human capital measures used in macroeconomic surveys. Apart from traditional indicators including indicators determined on the basis of cost, income and educational methods or according to Mincer wages equation, the article also presents several alternative human capital measures. This presentation is supplemented by comments showing strong and weak sides of described solutions. Presented measures can be useful during works on empirical verification of hypotheses concerning human capital influence on economic growth. (original abstract)
W artykule dokonano przeglądu zagregowanych, indeksowych, indykatorów, wykorzystywanych do opisu stanu i dynamiki zmian gospodarki opartej na wiedzy. W celu ilustracji różnorodności miar wykorzystywanych w praktyce, posłużymy się zbiorem indykatorów zaproponowanych przez Australian Bureau of Statistics. W artykule omówiono metodolodię i podstawowe cechy wskaźników kompozytowych (indeks Fagerberga, indeks zaawansowania technologicznego - TAI, Narodowy Indeks Potencjału Innowacyjnego - NICI, Kompozytowy Wskaźnik Inwestycji w Gospodarkę Opartej na Wiedzy - Composite Indicator on Investment in the Knowledge-based Economy, Kompozytowy Wskaźnik Funkcjonalności Gospodarki Opartej na Wiedzy - Composite Indicator on Performance in the Knowledge-based Economy, Sumaryczny Indeks Innowacyjności - Summary Innovation Index, Ogólny Indykator Nauki i Technologii - General Indicator of Science and Technology)
EN
The article contents a review of aggregated index indicators used for measuring and monitoring transformation from tradition to the knowledge based economies. The partial indicator set used by Australian Bureau of Statistics as a point of reference for similar subject analyses is mentioned in this study. A methodology and basic characteristics of seven composite measures (Fagerberg's indicator, technological development index, national index of innovation potential, indicator of investment in intelligent economy, intelligent economy functionality index, aggregated innovation index and general science and technology indicator) are discussed in the article. The author followed directives of European Commission as well as international reviews to select these measures.(original abstract)
Celem artykułu jest dokonanie prezentacji i analizy kapitału ludzkiego zakumulowanego w 29 GOW oraz próba skonstruowania (na podstawie metod taksonomicznych, przy użyciu 34 zmiennych) syntetycznej miary służącej do oceny stopnia rozwoju kapitału ludzkiego w tego typu gospodarkach w latach 1995-2010. Tak zdefiniowanemu celowi podporządkowany jest układ pracy, na który składają się: wprowadzenie do tematu, pomiar i analiza stopnia rozwoju kapitału ludzkiego i poszczególnych jego składowych w rozważanych GOW w latach 1995-2010 oraz podsumowanie. Uzyskane wyniki badań pozwoliły na stworzenie czterech rankingów stopnia rozwoju kapitału ludzkiego zakumulowanego w 29 GOW oraz umożliwiły dokonanie pewnych porównań przestrzenno-czasowych w zakresie analizowanego zjawiska złożonego.
EN
The objective of this article is to make a presentation and analysis of the human capital as one of the four pillars of the KBE. It also attempts to construct (based on taxonomic methods and applying 34 variables) a synthetic measure for assessing the degree of the development of human capital in 29 KBEs in the time period 1995-2010. The work structure is subordinated to the so defined objective and comprises the introduction, measurement and analysis of the level of the development of human capital and its various components in analysed KBEs in the years 1995-2010, and summary.
Knowledge is the most valuable resource in the twenty-first century economy which determines the economy development. The importance of natural resources and low-skilled labor decreases, while the role of human capital increases. The economies of highly developed countries are based on the growing resources of educated people with creative and innovative skills, which is a necessary condition for technological, economic and social progress. In order to show the relationship between education and economic development the article discusses: the old and new development paradigms, the fields of educational effects, the state of education in Poland and on that basis certain conclusions are drawn for Poland.
"Knowledge society" is a controversial concept. It derives from the "knowledge based economy" in which knowledge is reification. The paper discusses its consequences, such as separation of knowledge from the practice, knowledge management, quantification of the effects of the learning process, subordination of educational policy to the economic requirements.
Poland, among 146 countries which have been included in the research of the World Bank assessing the development of the level of the knowledge-based economy, is on the 37th position with a result of 7.41 (in a scale from 0 to 10). In the European Union, Poland is on the 24th position (before Greece, Bulgaria and Romania). According to the Lisbon Strategy, only the konwledge-based economy is an appropriate way to gain a leader role in the highly competitive market. Appropriately educated human capital is one of the most important tools which will lead to building the predominance. In this context, the world "appropriately" means that human resources have to be educated to relate to the needs of the labour market - the needs of the economy. It is necessary that the government creates conditions and incentives for studying in the fields which are in demand. Social and structural changes on national and global market will determinate changes in education. In the 21st century, more than half of the workers will need the knowledge and skills which today are possessed by only 20% of the population.
Celem artykułu jest próba oceny prowadzonej w teorii ekonomii dyskusji na temat ingerencji państwa w gospodarkę. Szczególnie jest to ważne w obliczu istnienia w rozwiniętych krajach silnej presji na dynamizowanie budowy gospodarki opartej na wiedzy. Stawia to nowe wyzwania przed państwem, ale również pojawiają się liczne zagrożenia. Niniejsza praca stanowi próbę podjęcia przedstawionego tematu i udowodnienia poniższej hipotezy przy użyciu metody kwerendy istniejącej literatury. Zakreślony w ten sposób kontekst badawczy pozwala na postawienie następującej hipotezy badawczej: We współczesnej gospodarce rynkowej rola państwa jest niezbędna i znacząca, szczególnie w budowaniu gospodarki opartej na wiedzy, cechującej się zapewnieniem wolnego, trwałego i natychmiastowego dostępu do sieciowych zasobów wiedzy.(fragment tekstu)
EN
The article discusses a crucial aspect of economic theory - state intervention. It provides an overview of literature on the topic, covering pre-classical, classical, and Keynesian state intervention theories, concluding with concepts belonging to the welfare economy. In the light of recent developments in the economic theory, particularly the knowledge-based economy paradigm, the article posits a hypothesis stating that the role of state in modern economy is significant and crucial, especially considering that knowledge, an important productivity factor, is a public good. Thus, market does not provide it on the optimal level. State intervention proves to be a necessary element deriving from the general characteristics of currently prevailing economic model.(original abstract)
The presented study notes that in the period of ongoing globalization, it is necessary to look at the new rules of building competitiveness for the enterprises. Consequently, it is reasonable to present the basic assumptions of the overall international competitiveness paradigm adapted to the challenges of modern knowledge-based economy. In this study, the author undertook a critical analysis of five models of international competitiveness and attempted to identify the basics upon which, any organization wanting to meet the demands of the changing global environment, should be based on. In the paper is to draw the attention on the necessity of deepening analysis of new factors which are dedicated to assess competitiveness of modern business systems. The organizations implementing such a business model are determined to hold leading positions in the global system, because due to the use of the multidimensional potential of capital they are capable of continuous creation of added value. According to the author the concept of creating added value with the use of CSR is very important and it requires dissemination. (original abstract)
Głównym celem przeprowadzonego badania było zebranie danych na temat rozwoju gospodarki opartej na wiedzy w małych i średnich przedsiębiorstwach (MSP) w Olsztynie, w tym określenie stopnia wykorzystania nowoczesnej techniki i technologii informacyjnej.
EN
The paper presents the use of modem technology and information technology by small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in Olsztyn. The analysis was based on data obtained from the CSO and surveys conducted in 2009 by the computer-assisted telephone interviews (CATI). Results of analysis showed that the test group of companies does not build a significant competitive advantage in the economy based on modern information technology. The surveyed companies used the Internet mostly as a tool for structuring the banking and finance operations. In addition, it served in a minor extent as resources in the creation of protected knowledge. Few entrepreneurs have used the Internet to monitor the market situation and to collect data on competition or partnership building. Over half of the companies had website, but it served primarily as a tool for presentation of the company's offer. A few companies used the website to place orders, or as a tool in recruiting staff. Prevailing part of SME companies did not use the e-government service. (original abstract)
W artykule podjęta została próba pomiaru (oceny) zależności poziomu rozwoju społeczno-gospodarczego regionów szczebla NUTS 2 (Nomenclature of Units for Territorial Statistics) krajów UE mierzonego produktem krajowym brutto per capita w PPS (Purchasing Power Standard) od poziomu niektórych czynników gospodarki opartej na wiedzy. Do oceny zależności poziomu GOW i rozwoju regionalnego wykorzystano ekonometryczne modele dla danych panelowych (model z efektami ustalonymi). Ze względu na dostępność informacji statystycznych w momencie prowadzenia badania, do analizy wzięto pod uwagę dane z lat 2002-2004.
EN
The article follows the direction set by applied econometrics. It presents an attempt, by means of statistics and econometric modeling methods, of measuring interdependencies between European economies at NUTS 2 level and the selected factors of knowledge based economy. Panel data estimation techniques were used for measuring these interdependencies. The suggested research procedure, using models based on pre-set effect, becomes an effective tool for measuring the interdependencies between regional development and knowledge based economy factors. The research results point to a strong relation between the level of regional development and the structure of factors crucial for knowledge based economy. The regions presenting a higher level of regional development are characterized by a more favorable structure of knowledge based economy factors.(original abstract)
Czynnikami decydującymi o rozwoju gospodarczym stają się obecnie: działalność badawczo-rozwojowa (B+R), działalność innowacyjna i tzw. kapitał ludzki. Przechodzenie do gospodarki opartej na wiedzy (GOW) przejawia się we wzroście przewagi konkurencyjnej państw i regionów specjalizujących się w wytwarzaniu produktów zaawansowanych technologicznie. W konsekwencji głównym przedmiotem badań prowadzonych w krajach wysoko rozwiniętych jest poszukiwanie źródeł innowacyjności i metod budowania potencjału innowacyjnego. (...) Celem artykułu jest analiza wpływu zmiennych opisujących gospodarkę opartą na wiedzy na wybrane kategorie makroekonomiczne w krajach Unii Europejskiej (UE) w latach 2000-2007, wykorzystująca modele panelowe. (fragment tekstu)
EN
The aim of the article is to analyze the impact of knowledge-based economy variables on basic macroeconomic categories in European Union countries in the years 2000-2007, conducted with application of panel models. Directions of changes occurring in the world economy in recent years show the transformation of the industrial economy into a knowledge-based economy, using the technological and innovative potential. The most vital determinants of economic development are research and development expenditures, effects of this activity revealed in the form of innovations and human capital. Consequently the main subject of research conducted in high developed countries is seeking new sources of innovativeness and methods of creating innovative potential. An essential impact of knowledge and innovations on economic development is also confirmed by the contemporary economy. (original abstract)
Celem artykułu jest ocena realizacji celów strategii Europa 2020 dotyczących rozwoju opartego na wiedzy i innowacjach. Dokonano jej na podstawie wskaźników stosowanych do oceny innowacyjności krajów UE, zawartych w raportach publikowanych przez Komisję Europejską w postaci tzw. tablic wyników w zakresie badań i innowacji (Innovation Union Scoreboard - IUS). (fragment tekstu)
EN
Development based on knowledge and innovation is one of the main priorities of economic policy in the European Union (EU) countries. It was included in the Europe 2020 strategy, which obliged the EU countries to take measures to strengthen their innovation capacity. The effects of these activities are monitored using indicators to assess the ability of the economy to create and implement innovation and to assess the effects of innovative activity. The article presents an assessment of the degree of achievement of the objectives included in the Europe 2020 strategy for the development based on knowledge and innovation. The analysis used innovation indicators indicating the leaders. The analysis shows the ability to create knowledge and innovation and innovation activity of enterprises and its effects. (original abstract)
Development of knowledge-intensive high-technology services in the EU economies were assessed in the paper. There was also presented analysis of relationships between development of the sector and level of GDP p.c. As a result of the research there were made some conclusions stressing both: the role of the high-tech KIS for increase of welfare as well as the influence of inter-sectoral transfer of knowledge.
L’évolution du processus de globalisation sans précédent, le niveau élevé des technologies d’information et de communication ainsi que l’impact persistant de la crise créent un milieu économique de plus en plus incertain et perturbé auquel les entreprises doivent s’adapter rapidement et efficacement. L’économie de la connaissance est considérée depuis plusieurs années comme facteur-clé de la compétitivité des Etats, des régions et des entreprises. De nos jours, selon certains, elle représente un moyen de surmonter les effets de la crise. Cependant, le fond de la notion indiquant l’économie de la connaissance ou l’économie du savoir n’est pas clairement défini et les auteurs perçoivent différemment ce qu’elle contient effectivement. Quelles connaissances sont essentielles pour une modification nécessaire du raisonnement économique des individus qui permettrait un redémarrage des entreprises et par conséquent une reprise de l’économie plus dans le sens du développement que de la croissance? Notre communication représente une recherche de réponses qui différent en fonction des approches théoriques concernant l’évolution de l’économie et de la société en général
Poland conforms to the guidelines from the Bologna Process in European higher education. The degree system based on the three-cycle structure has been successfully implemented together with the European Credit Transfer and Accumulation System (ECTS). The European standard in higher education makes it easier for students to obtain recognition of their qualifications in other countries. The aim of this paper is to present the role of the higher education system in context of construction of the European knowledge economy.
Nowadays modern economies strongly rely on knowledge, because of its ability to support economic development and wealth. The knowledge, and especially the scientific knowledge is a factor of great importance for the economic development. Innovations at present, more often result from theoretical research than form business practice. The innovation process, traditionally shaped in a 3 level process of basic, applied research and experimental development is a subject to change. The change concerns both the presence of science in the innovation process as a whole (chain linked model) and the change in the essence of knowledge - important notice on the "tacit" nature of knowledge shows that the human factor in innovation process broadens the sense of innovation process. The networked or open innovation models also encompass scientific research as a part of the process.
The objective of the article is researching of dependence between scientific and research activity and development of information infrastructure in terms of the knowledgebased economy. In the first part of the paper the author focuses on divergences in literature in defining the information infrastructure. Then the author characterizes the scientific knowledge in respect of social utility and presents the roles of science in a different models of innovation process. The last part of the article concerns for the system of scientific information and a special role of the Internet in development of information infrastructure for science needs.
The knowledge-based economy analysis economic organization and development when the creation, distribution and use of knowledge become decisive factors. To become a successful knowledge economies, countries must act simultaneously on their education base, their innovation systems and their information and communication technology infrastructure. This paper focuses on international scientific networks as an example of tool created in order to stimulate the use of new knowledge. The main objective of the paper is to identify the knowledge creation and transfer processes in ISC. The methodology utilized in this study is qualitative and exploratory. Results of research shows the process of knowledge creation and transfer on example of NetAware Intensive Programme and the project evaluation results
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