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1

Wymiar prawno-liturgiczny stałej kobiecej posługi akolitatu w świetle nowelizacji kan. 230 § 1 Kodeksu Prawa Kanonicznego z 1983 roku

100%

Bider M.

Kościół i Prawo

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2021

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vol. 10 (23)

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issue 1

69-88

EN

Using the historical and legal method, the article presents the legal and liturgical dimension of the permanent ministry of female acolytes in the Roman Catholic Church. In a condensed way, it presents the legal and liturgical history of acolyte ordination. The author discusses the origin, progress, and consequences of the reform of minor orders instituted in 1972. One of its outcomes was the introduction of a permanent ministry of acolyte for the male laity. The implementation of the reform of minor orders in Poland is set against the background of the liturgical reform carried out in accordance with the directives of the Second Vatican Council. Complementing the reform of the minor orders of Pope Paul VI, the amendment to Can. 230 § 1 of the CIC/83 made by Pope Francis in 2021 introduces a permanent acolyte ministry for female members of the Church.

PL

Artykuł prezentuje z zastosowaniem metody historyczno-prawnej wymiar prawno-liturgiczny stałej posługi akolitatu kobiet w Kościele rzymsko-katolickim. W sposób skondensowany opisuje historię święceń akolitatu. Następnie przedstawia genezę, przebieg i skutki reformy święceń niższych przeprowadzonej w 1972 r. Jednym z jej skutków stało się wprowadzenie stałej posługi akolitatu dla wiernych świeckich mężczyzn. Proces aplikacji reformy święceń niższych w Polsce jest prezentowany w kontekście reformy liturgicznej przeprowadzanej zgodnie z dyrektywami Soboru Watykańskiego II. Nowelizacja kan. 230 § 1 KPK/83 promulgowana przez papieża Franciszka w 2021 r. wprowadza stałą posługę akolitatu dla wiernych kobiet, stanowiąc dopełnienie reformy święceń niższych papieża Pawła VI.

2

Kariery polityczne i kościelne biskupów Wojciecha i Jerzego Radziłłów- Koryfeuszów początku i końca XVI wieku - zarys problemu

71%

Pawlikowska-Butterwick W.

Nasza Przeszłość. Studia z dziejów Kościoła i kultury katolickiej w Polsce

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2017

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vol. 127

4-20

PL

We wczesnonowożytnej Koronie Polskiej i Wielkim Księstwie Litewskim biskupi-senatorowie byli nie tylko najważniejszymi urzędnikami w diecezji, ale także należeli do ścisłej elity politycznej, dlatego analiza ich karier powinna w równym stopniu uwzględniać obie sfery działalności. W artykule została podjęta próba wskazania czynników, które doprowadziły dwóch członków rodziny Radziwiłłów Wojciecha († 1519) i Jerzego († 1600) do biskupich mitr Wilna, a w przypadku Jerzego, także do kardynalskiego kapelusza i do Krakowa. Choć decydującym elementem ich kariery zdaje się być ich status społeczny (obaj należeli do jednej z największych i najpotężniejszych rodzin magnackich Wielkiego Księstwa Litewskiego), to wydaje się, ze bez wykształcenia, oraz osobistych zalet i talentów nie udałoby się im tak wiele osiągnąć w dziele reformy kościoła. Artykuł kończy się refleksją nad prawnymi i duszpasterskimi owocami ich pracy przekraczającymi granice kościelne i polityczne.

EN

In the early modern Crown of Poland and the Great Duchy of Lithuania, the bishops-senators not only were the most important diocese officials but also belonged to the narrow political elite. That is why the analysis of their careers should take into consideration both these spheres. The article aims at pointing to factors which led two members of the Radziwiłł family – Wojciech († 1519) and Jerzy († 1600) to Cracow and galeri. Although the decisive element of their careers seems to be their social status (both belonged to one of the greatest and most powerful aristocratic family of the Great Duchy of Lithuania), it seems that without education and personal virtues and talents they would not have been able to achieve so much in the sphere of church reform. The article ends with reflection on legal and ministerial fruit of their work, reaching beyond ecclesiastical and political boundaries.

3

Procesy polityczne członków zakonów męskich i kongregacji w Czechach w latach 1948–1989

71%

Vlček V.

Pamięć i Sprawiedliwość

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2017

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issue 29

251-283

EN

The political trials of members of male orders and congregations in the Czechosloslovakia in the period of 1948–1989 The study depicts persecutions of male orders and congregations in the period of the Communism regime in the Czech lands during the period of 1948–1989. It indicates the graduał restriction of their activities after the Communist takeover in February 1948. The first part includes the period of 1948–1968, namely the mass attack of the Communist oppressors on the orders shortly after assuming authority, the restriction of their public activities until the complete liquidation of all male orders in Czechoslovakia in April 1950, the so-called K campaign implemented by the state security services (in Czech: Státní bezpečnost). It also mentions the life of monks in centralising internment camps and the illegal renewing of communes as well as the continuation of conventual life in hiding in the 1950s and 1960s. The most significant form of the persecutions committed on monks were the political show trials. In the early 1950s and subsequently in the 1960s, within the Czech lands, during two large rounds of trials, 361 monks were convicted in 175 trials, including 18 of them more than once. The frequent cause of the imprisonment and conviction of the monks was, firstly, their public activities, reading pastoral letters, criticising Communism during their sermons or helping people related to the Anti-Communism movement. In the late 1950s and early 1960s, in the majority of case, these were group trials including several dozen members of the order, the purpose of which was the liquidation of any signs of life emanating from the Order: secret meetings, enrolling new members, ordinations. In particular, the 1950s were characterised by severe sentences (58 monks were sentenced to 10-15 in prison, 14 to 20 years or more and 3 to life imprisonment). The most striking aspect was the cruelty of the interrogation methods of the secret agents of the state security, mentally and physically torturing the persons they interrogated; at least 3 monks died in remand centres and 6 while serving time in prison. The second part of the text provides an analysis of the orders in the period 1968–1989. The nationwide thaw in the period of the so-called Prague Spring in 1968 brought a short-term attempt at reviving conventual life in the Czech Republic. After the invasion of the Warsaw Pack military forces and progressing normalisation in the 1970s, conventual communes underwent a process of destruction at the hands of secret church officers and the state security services, while the existence of male orders, including the recruitment of new members, research, publication of religious literature, was deemed illegal, and thus punishable under law. In the period of normalisation, in contrast to the 1950s and 1960s, there were not hundreds of cases of arrests, interrogations and convictions but there were individual trials. Only in the case of the Franciscans during the Vir campaign in 1983, and during other campaigns against them within the republic were dozens of order members prosecuted, of whom only five were sentenced in the Czech lands. Many of the cases that were brought to trial, despite serious interest from the state security services, ended in failure or reversal. In the 1970s and 1980s, the Communist authorities refrained from the previously widespread practices of interning monks in camps or nationwide manhunts. This was caused mainly by the negative reaction of the national opposition as well as international protests and coverage of those cases in the Western mass media. The persecution of male orders and the trials of their members continued in Czechoslovakia throughout the entire period of the Communist regime, with the exception of late 1960s. Since 1950 until the fall of the regime in 1989, with the exception of the period of the so-called Prague Spring, the activities of male orders were deemed undesirable and illegal. The long-term objective of the Communist regime was the complete destruction of conventual life in Czechoslovakia and to convert the society to atheism.

4

Rola Kościoła katolickiego oraz polonijnych organizacji w USA w kształtowaniu świadomości narodowej młodego pokolenia Polaków

54%

Gołębiewski W. W.

Łódzkie Studia Teologiczne

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2018

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vol. 27

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issue 4

45-62

EN

A national spirit derives directly from a sense of national identity, a sense of having a common language, culture, traditions and history. A national spirit also encompasses religious values as in this case the Roman Catholic Church. This religion is the very foundation of the national identity as it identifies the beginning of the Polish nation in 966 AD and has remained the common thread throughout the last 1050 years of our history. Over this millennium the nation has been exposed to numerous challenges but three national characteristics seem to dominate throughout – democratic governance, national hospitality to strangers and a respect for the deceased. National identity, as opposed to the national spirit, is rooted more in current cultural interpretations and is subject to manipulation by such factors as cultural trends, current governments or external pressures from abroad. Three distinct periods can be recognized in the development of the national spirit in the last 100 years. In 1914–1944 there was the rush to statehood, a brief independence and defeat at the hands of our two neighbors. In 1944–1989, the Polish People’s Republic era, Soviet dominated government unrepresentative of its people and actively fighting against the national spirit, for example the Catholic religion. 1989–2017 mark a new era with governments preoccupied with a rush to globalization and integration into supranational structures such as the global markets and the European Union, actively suppressing many national characteristics in order to be more global in its image and acceptance. The role of the Catholic Church and institutions in the USA was fundamental in maintaining that national spirit, especially in the first two periods. Great Poles such as Jan Ignacy Paderewski were instrumental in returning Poland onto the world map but also the Catholic Church helped in spreading the message resulting in huge rush to the ranks of Polish volunteers, which then were able to defend the new nation against Bolshevik aggression in 1919/1920. During the second period the Catholic Church was instrumental in stressing the milestone of 1966, when Poland was celebrating a millennium of her nationhood. The communist authorities were celebrating statehood trying desperately to separate this momentous occasion from any role of the Catholic Church in its creation. It was the message of Poland and US based Polish clergy such as Cardinal Wyszynski and bishop J. Krol that stressed that it was the Roman Catholic religion that created the nation and later the state and its absolutely fundamental role. That message was then taken up by the first Polish Pope, John Paul II, who visited the USA seven times. In conclusion the role of the Catholic Church now is to preserve the national spirit when it is challenged with new ideas such as globalization and multiculturalism. Religion is progressively seen and propagated by the new social media platforms as a brake on progress of humanity and needs to be discouraged whenever possible. Poles as a nation still retain our identity and God, Honor and Fatherland are our signpost for the future.

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1 Kościół i Prawo

1 Nasza Przeszłość. Studia z dziejów Kościoła i kultury katolickiej w Polsce

1 Pamięć i Sprawiedliwość

1 Łódzkie Studia Teologiczne

1 2021

1 2018

2 2017

1 Bider M.

1 Gołębiewski W. W.

1 Pawlikowska-Butterwick W.

1 Vlček V.

Wymiar prawno-liturgiczny stałej kobiecej posługi akolitatu w świetle nowelizacji kan. 230 § 1 Kodeksu Prawa Kanonicznego z 1983 roku

Kariery polityczne i kościelne biskupów Wojciecha i Jerzego Radziłłów- Koryfeuszów początku i końca XVI wieku - zarys problemu

Procesy polityczne członków zakonów męskich i kongregacji w Czechach w latach 1948–1989

Rola Kościoła katolickiego oraz polonijnych organizacji w USA w kształtowaniu świadomości narodowej młodego pokolenia Polaków