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1

Solus cum Deo solo. Rehoľa pavlínov v stredovekom Uhorsku

100%
Hlavačková M.
Historia Slavorum Occidentis
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2017
|
issue 4 (15)
36-55
XX
The Order of Saint Paul the First Hermit (Ordo Fratrum Eremitarum Sancti Pauli Primi Eremitae) was following the spiritual lifestyle of the „first hermit”, Saint Paul of Thebes († 342). The formation of this order started in the first half of the 13th century, when hermits started to live in hermitages in the Patach Mountains in the Diocese of Pécs and in the Pilis Mountains in the south-east of Esztergom, following the example of the Old-Christian hermits in the deserts of Egypt. Blessed Eusebius of Esztergom († 1270) united the hermits who were scattered in caves and around 1250 they built the Holy Cross Monastery close to what is today Kesztölc-Klastrompuszta. Approvals granted by a legate of the Pope, Cardinal Gentilis of Montefiore, were an important step in the process of the formation of this new Order of Pauline Fathers, allowing them to follow the rule of Saint Augustine and create their own constitution. The centre of this monastic society and the seat of the General Priory was the monastery connected to the St. Lawrence Church in Buda. The contemplative nature of the order was clearly implied by their motto Solus cum Deo solo, and the religious practices of the monks included meditation near the relics of saints, the recitation of numerous prayers for the dead and the intensive worship of Mary. The order thrived in the 14th century: while 22 Pauline monasteries were built during the 40 year reign of Louis the Great (1342–1382), 16 monasteries were founded in 70 years plus that followed (1382–1458). The defeat of Hungarian troops at Mohács (1526) did great damage to the order. However, Turkish ravages were not the only cause of the dissolution of the monasteries at that time. The rapidly-spreading ideas of reformation also drew the attention of important Hungarian noblemen; even though they were the descendants of the founders of the monasteries, they converted to Protestantism and appropriated the possessions of the church in their territories.
2
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Średniowieczne pogranicze w Karpatach – refleksje nad informacjami Jana Długosza

80%
Rajman J.
Res Gestae. Czasopismo Historyczne
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2018
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vol. 6
85-112
PL
The research aim the author placed before himself was to present the meaning of Jan Długosz’s relation for the research on the medieval Carpathian border, dividing the kingdoms of Poland and Hungary. All of the Długosz’s works were included, the most important of whichare the Roczniki czyli Kroniki Królestwa Polskiego, but much valuable information is also hiddenin Liber beneficiorum diocesis Cracoviensis. The author used the so-called Długosz autograph, stored in the Archives of the Krakow Chapter. The physiographic description of Długosz and the geographical nomenclature used in his times, mentions on the forests and climate conditions were analyzed. Attention was put on his information on the border signs used, monarch summits and the presence of border courts, changes to the borders (the issue of Spiš), or the legend of the gold hidden in the Carpathians. The works of Długosz bring valuable informationon castles, monasteries, armed conflicts, roads leading through the mountains and the meansof communication. Among the most interesting are archives on closing roads by blocking themwith fallen trees. Furthermore, Długosz includes valuable data on the Vlach’s population, and also partially on the religious interrelations. His description of the development of colonization, descriptions of the border cities or the characteristics of extraordinary lords fall a little bit weaker compared to the rest. The information on trade or the brigands lurking on both sides ofthe border is fragmentary, but important. Długosz revealed a detailed, albeit not always strict, knowledge on geography and geographic nomenclature. His works are an extraordinarily important source for nearly all aspects of the Carpathian borderlands functioning.
3
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The Private Aristocratic Library of Jozef Esterházi (1682-1748) in His Čeklís Mansion (Bernolákovo, Slovakia). Pilot Research

80%
Špániová M. Š., Lichnerová L.
Z Badań nad Książką i Księgozbiorami Historycznymi
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2023
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vol. 17
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issue 3
357-375
EN
This study is a piece of pilot research on the aristocratic library of Count Jozef Esterházi in his Čeklís Mansion (the present-day Bernolákovo in Slovakia). The main source for the research comprises the extant catalogue of this library from the year 1749, currently deposited in the National Széchényi Library in Budapest, and its published transcription. The authors present some basic biographical data of Jozef Esterházi and, in this context, discuss the character, development, and orientation of his library from various perspectives. They also inform about Poland-related items in Esterházi's collection, including a seventeenth-century print related to Poland, which the authors of this study identified among the holdings of the University Library in Bratislava.
4
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Składniki ustroju miejskiego w Magdeburgu i ich przeniesienie do kultury prawnej Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej

51%
Gönczi K.
Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie-Skłodowska, sectio F – Historia
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2017
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vol. 72
DE
Vom 13. Jahrhundert an hatte das Magdeburger Stadtrecht eine zentrale Rolle im Hinblick auf die Entstehung der städtischen Rechtstraditionen in Ostmitteleuropa. In der Studie werden die Elemente der mittelalterlichen Stadtverfassung in Magdeburg vorgestellt (die Bürgerversammlung, der Stadtrat und der Schöffenstuhl), denn gerade die Stadtverfassung und die Balance der Kompetenzen zählen zu den wichtigen Gründen für den Transfer des Magdeburger Rechts in Ostmitteleuropa, stellte Heiner Lück fest. Die Wahl der Schöffen und der Ratsherren in Magdeburg zeigen die Grundlagen des modernen Staates. So trugen die Kooptation der Schöffen für lebenslange Beschäftigung und ihre finanzielle Unabhängigkeit Züge der richterlichen Unabhängigkeit im modernen Staat.Mehrere Stadtrechtsbucheinträge zeigen parallele Gedanken im Hinblick auf die Wahl der städtischen Honoratioren, und zwar von Zeit, Land und Herrschaftsbereich unabhängig. Dieses Phänomen lässt sich als Transfer des Magdeburger Rechts beschreiben. Die gemeinsame Grundlage und so auch der Wissensträger war wahrscheinlich das Sächsische Weichbild, eine Rechtsquelle aus dem Umfeld des Magdeburger Schöffenstuhls. Am Beispiel von zwei Rechtsinstitutionen, die Wahl der Amtsträger und die Amtswahrnehmungspflicht der Bürger kann der Rechtstransfer in den Städten des Königreichs Ungarn nachgewiesen werden. Die parallelen Stellen in den städtischen Rechtsquellen aus Böhmen, Ungarn und Polen zeigen Bausteine einer mémoire culturelle ostmitteleuropäischer Rechtskultur.
EN
From the 13th century on the Magdeburg town law had an outstanding role in forming the legal traditons of the cities in East-Central Europe. According to Heiner Lück, it was especially the municipal government and the balance between the branches, which had been adopted by the cities in East-Central Europe. The survey outlines the organs of the municipal government in the medieval Magdeburg: the assembly of the burghers (burding), the city council and the bench of aldermen (Schöffenstuhl). Focusing on the aldermen and the councellors, the origins of the modern state can be observed also in these medieval legal institutions. The life long service of the aldermen correspond in some points the constitutional doctrine of the judicial independence. Several rules on municipal government, which had been recorded in different legal codes in East-Central Europe, have the same character. This phenomenon can be described as legal transfer of the Magdeburg law. The same legal tradition were noted regarding the election of the town council and the aldermen in sources from Bohemia, Hungary and Poland. The common legal basis for the rules of Magdeburg law was presumably the so called Saxon Weichbild. Two legal institutions, the election of the city council and the duties of the burghers referring the municipal assembly are presented by citing from town books of the medieval Kingdom of Hungary.
PL
Prawo miejskie Magdeburga odegrało ogromną rolę w formowaniu najstarszych organizacji samorządów miast Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej. Heiner Lück podkreśla zwłaszcza jego rolę w kształtowaniu swoistej równowagi pomiędzy różnymi organami samorządu. Tekst wskazuje charakter takich ważnych elementów samorządu miejskiego w średniowiecznym Magdeburgu, jak zgromadzenie mieszczan, rady miasta i ławy sądowej. Autorka podkreśla, że przykład statusu miejskich ławników i rajców dowodzi, iż początki współczesnego państwa mają związek ze średniowiecznymi instytucjami prawnymi miasta. Wyróżnia tu trwającą do śmierci służbę ławników i ich niezależność finansową, odpowiadającą w niektórych aspektach konstytucyjnej doktrynie niezawisłości sędziowskiej. Ponadto przywołuje kilka wpisów z różnych ksiąg miejskich z terenu Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej, które – jej zdaniem – pokazują podobieństwa charakteru dostojników miejskich w różnych czasach, na różnych ziemiach i w różnych systemach władzy. Zjawisko to można, jak uważa autorka opracowania, określić mianem translacji założeń prawa magdeburskiego, co dokumentuje ta sama tradycja prawnicza określająca charakter wyborów rady miejskiej i ławników w źródłach zapisanych na obszarze Czech, Węgier i Polski. Wspólną podstawą dla zasad prawa magdeburskiego było przypuszczalnie tzw. zwierciadło saskie. W niniejszym tekście przyjrzano się bliżej szczególnie dwóm instytucjom prawnym: radzie miejskiej oraz zgromadzeniu obywateli, których działanie dokumentowane było zapisami ksiąg miejskich z terenu Królestwa Węgier.
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