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Badania składu chemicznego szkieł odkrytych na osadzie kultury lateńskiej w Podłężu koło Krakowa

100%
Purowski T., Wagner B.
Przegląd Archeologiczny
|
2015
|
vol. 63
125-146
EN
In Podłęże near Kraków, 63 pieces of glass were discovered on the settlement of the La Tène culture (Dzięgielewski and Purowski 2011). The chemical composition of 22 pieces of glass from 14 objects from this site (6 bracelets, 1 necklace spacer and 7 beads) have been discussed in this article (Fig. 1; Table 1). Items made undoubtedly in Celtic workshops have been selected, as well as those probably not connected with the Celtic culture, but dated to the La Tène period (cube-shaped bead – Fig. 1:57). A strongly damaged light blue bracelet (Fig. 1:105) and a fragment of necklace spacer (Fig. 1:103), discovered in the same building No. 1965, have been recognized as one of the oldest glass items from this site (LT C1 or perhaps even LT C1a). According to the initial hypothesis, the bracelet was thought to represent the 12a Group following the classification by Th. E. Haevernick (1960), corresponding to the Row 2-3 or 7 by R. Gebhard (1989). Somewhat younger fragment of a bracelet from the 13a Group (Row 4) (Fig. 1:102) was found in the feature No. 487, which can be dated to LT C1b-C2 (Dzięgielewski and Purowski 2011, Table 2:18). Two pieces of light purple bracelets (Fig. 1:101, 106) belong to the 6a Group or to the Row 11a. The colour of the glass from Podłęże is different from the late La Tène glassware, so it has been considered to be attributed most likely to the LT C1b (Dzięgielewski and Purowski 2011). The fragment of a bracelet or an armlet made of blue glass and decorated with white and yellow strands, referring to the 11b subgroup and the Row 19 (Fig. 1:104), has been dated to the LT C1b-C2. According to the formal classification, the youngest bracelet from the discussed set of glassware is an item probably representing the 7b Group (similar to the Row 14), made of amber-coloured and white glass (Fig. 1:107). Beads discovered in Podłęże (Fig. 1:52-58) represent the formal types, which cannot be accurately placed in a specific phase of the La Tène period (Dzięgielewski and Purowski 2011). Analyses of the chemical composition of the glasses from Podłęże were made using the LA-ICP-MS method (Laser Ablation Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectroscopy) (Table 3). The parameters describing the operating conditions of the laser are provided with parameters describing the operation of the ICP-MS in Table 2. The glass object discovered in Podłęże (except the sample No. 105) were melted using sand and natural soda. They are the so-called LMG glass (Low Magnesium Glass) – characterized by low potassium and magnesium content (Fig. 2; 6), made according to the East Mediterranean traditions and spread in Europe since the Hallstatt Period. Together with sand, other additions – except silica –could also get to the glass objects from Podłęże, including aluminium, iron, magnesium, calcium, barium, strontium, and zirconium (Figs. 3-5; 7). It cannot be excluded that, in the case of some glass objects, a third component (except sand and natural soda), i.e. the calcium-magnesium alloy, was added to the glass. However, it is equally probable that the glass objects were made according to the two-component formula (in this case, calcium and magnesium would get to the glass together with other materials – mainly with sand). Cobalt certainly had the biggest influence on the blue colour of glass from Podłęże. For transparency and colour of other glass are responsible: in case of purple glass objects – manganese, black – iron and titanium, yellow – lead antimonate, white – calcium antimonate, yellowish – calcium antimonate and manganese compounds. Probably the iron compounds, which got to the glass together with sand, caused that the glass object No. 107b is amber-coloured. The chemical composition of the glass bracelet considered to be the oldest on the discussed site (the sample No. 105) significantly differs from the other glassware – it represent “potassium” glass (Fig. 2:1), which was not known to the Celts; most likely it was made much later. Amber-coloured glass (Fig. 1:107b) of the typologically youngest bracelet from Podłęże (probably from the 7b Group), dated to the turn of the LT C / D (Dzięgielewski and Purowski 2011), does not differ significantly from the other glass in terms of chemical composition (the only difference is that it does not contain a larger amount of colouring agents, such as cobalt and copper). A large amount of manganese has been discovered in light purple glass, which allows to formulate a hypothesis that this component was used for colouring light purple glass earlier (from the LT C1b) than it was thought so far (Dzięgielewski and Purowski 2011). Glass of the cube-shaped bead (dated to the La Tène period, but not related to the Celtic culture; Fig. 1:57), clearly differs from the other glass. To produce the bead, main materials of different chemical composition were used and colorants were added in different proportions than in the case of the Celtic glass (cf. Fig. 4; 6; 7). Most likely, glass of this bead was made in another workshop than the Celtic glass discovered in Podłęże. The glass from Podłęże is of similar chemical composition to other glass objects from Central Europe (cf. e.g. Venclová et al. 2009; Březinova et al. 2013). Comparing the glass objects described in this paper to the glass discovered on the settlement in Němčice in Moravia, they can be assigned to the A, B, C and F groups according to the classification by N. Venclová et al. (2009). And comparing to the glass from Austria, the glass objects from Podłęże have lower content of strontium and zirconium (Figs. 4 and 5). Because the main components of the Celtic glass from different areas of Europe from the third to the first century BC are usually at a similar level, it is probable that the glass was made from similar materials and according to the same formula. It is not certain whether glass used in the Celtic ornaments was melted in Europe or in East Mediterranean workshops (Březinova et al. 2013). These materials were produced using mineral soda (natron), unknown in Central Europe, which may indicate the latter area. It is possible therefore that glass from which the Celts made original jewellery was melted in glassworks working in the East Mediterranean area, and then in the form of semi-finished products was delivered to Celtic workshops. At the present stage of research it is difficult to say whether the glass went to Europe as a ready-made material that does not require the addition of colorants, or colour and transparency of glass were a result of works of local workshops in Europe (Venclová et al. 2009).
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Clara cells protein, prolactin and transcription factors of protein NF-ĸB and c-Jun/AP-1 levels in rats inhaled to stainless steel welding dust and its soluble form

86%
Hałatek T., Stanisławska M., Świercz R., Domeradzka-Gajda K., Kuraś R., Wąsowicz W.
International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health
|
2018
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vol. 31
|
issue 5
613-632
EN
Objectives Welding processes that generate fumes containing toxic metals, such as hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)), manganese, and nickel (Ni), have been implicated in lung injury, inflammation, and lung tumor promotion in animal models. Bronchiolar epithelium Clara cells/club cells, coordinate these inflammatory responses. Clara cells secretory protein (CC16) with ant-inflammatory role. Material and Methods The pulmonary toxicity of welding dust (WD) was assessed for Wistar rats exposed to 60 mg/m³ of respirable-size welding dust (mean diameter 1.17 μm for 1 and 2 weeks (6 h/day, 5 days/week)) or the aerosols of soluble form (SWD) in the nose-only exposure chambers. Additionally the effect of antiinflammatory betaine supplementation was assessed. Clara cells secretory protein, differential cell counts, total protein concentrations and cellular enzyme (lactate dehydrogenase – LDH) activities were determined in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, and corticosterone and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and prolactin concentrations were assessed in serum. Histopathology examination of lung, brain, liver, kidney, spleen was done. Additionally slices of brain and lung were exanimated in laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Results Both WD and SWD exposure evoked large bronchiolar infiltration shoved in histopathology examination. In this study, TBARS inversely correlated with a significant decrease of CC16 concentration that occurred after instillation of both WD and SWD indicating decreased anti- inflammatory potential in the lung. In WD exposed rats prolactin correlated with nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB), LDH, TBARS and serum levels Cr, Ni and inversely with c-Jun. In SWD exposed rats prolactin correlated with CC16 indicated effect of prolactin on the population of epithelial cells. Conclusions In the current study, deleterious effects of repeated inhalation stainless steel welding dust form on club (Clara) cell secretory protein (CC16) were demonstrated. Clara cells secretory protein relation with prolactin in exposed rats to welding dust were shown and explored whether the NF-κB and c-Jun/activator protein 1 related pathway was involved. Int J Occup Med Environ Health 2018;31(5):613–632
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The use of LA-ICP-MS as an auxiliary tool to assess the pulmonary toxicity of molybdenum(IV) sulfide (MoS2) nano- and microparticles

86%
Kuraś R., Stępnik M., Domeradzka-Gajda K., Janasik B.
International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health
|
2023
|
vol. 37
|
issue 1
18-33
EN
Objectives Laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) has considerable applicative potential for both qualitative and quantitative analyses of elemental spatial distribution and concentration. It provides high resolutions at pg-level detection limits. These qualities make it very useful for analyzing biological samples. The present study responds to the growing demand for adequate analytical methods which would allow to assess the distribution of nanostructured molybdenum(IV) disulfide (MoS₂) in organs. It was also motivated by an apparent lack of literature on the biological effects of MoS₂ in living organisms. The study was aimed at using LA-ICP-MS for comparing micro- and nanosized MoS2 ditribution in selected rat tissue samples (lung, liver, brain and spleen tissues) after the intratracheal instillation (7 administrations) of MoS₂ nano- and microparticles vs. controls. Material and Methods The experimental study, approved by the Ethics Committee for Animal Experiments was performed using albino Wistar rats. This was performed at 2-week intervals at a dose of 5 mg/kg b.w., followed by an analysis after 90 days of exposure. The MoS₂ levels in control tissues were determined with the laser ablation system at optimized operating conditions. The parameter optimization process for the LA system was conducted using The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) glass standard reference materials. Results Instrument parameters were optimized. The study found that molybdenum (Mo) levels in the lungs of microparticle-exposed rats were higher compared to nanoparticle-exposed rats. The opposite results were found for liver and spleen tissues. Brain Mo concentrations were below the detection limit. Conclusions The LA-ICP-MS technique may be used as an important tool for visualizing the distribution of Mo on the surface of soft samples through quantitative and qualitative elemental mapping.
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