The paper compares a set of health and labour market outcomes for three populations from the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE). We analyse differences between the Polish aged 50+ and the respective German population divided into those who prior to the unification in 1989 lived in the East and West Germany. In terms of most analysed outcomes we find a 'West-East gradient' with the most favourable statistics found for the west German population and the worst for Poland. The unfavourable situation on the labour market in Poland goes along poor health and lifestyle outcomes on most measures, and it seems that employment and health-related policies should be designed in combination to address the problems. The East–West divide in Germany still seems to present a policy challenge. We find important differences in such outcomes as labour market arrangements and such health outcomes as incidence of high blood pressure and diabetes. The East–West gradient is also found in the so-called underused capacity, i.e. the proportion of healthy individuals aged 50-65 who are not employed. The main factor behind this in Poland is retirement, while the difference in Germany is largely caused by higher levels of unemployment in the east.
Many Poles have emigrated to the European Union countries to work. In years 2004-2007, total volume of such migration is estimated at 1860 thousand people, mainly to the Great Britain, Germany, and Ireland. Mass emigration causes a number of demographic and economic problems in Poland, in that also in the labour market. Because of approaching recession in the western countries returning and an increase in the unemployment should be expected.
In the presented article the results of research on cooperation between the county labour offices and employment agencies were shown. The research was conducted in 2007 as a part of a project 'The potential and perspectives of cooperation between the employment agencies and public employment services', which was co-funded with resources form the European Social Fund. Up-to-date fields of cooperation and its frequency were covered in the analysis. The public service staff were asked their opinions about continuing the cooperation in the future. If a situation where there was no cooperation with the employment agencies occurred, the crucial thing was to evaluate the reasons of such a state.
According to the thesis stated in the article, the labour market of the health sector is the analytically neglected area, which influences the weaknesses of the process of labour resources managing and, as a consequence, the lower efficiency of functioning in relation to the possible level. Moreover, this kind of weakness in the health sector management increases the danger of maintaining the serious unbalance between the labour supply and the labour demand. Such an unbalance is already present and is increasing; additionally, it has a global character. The lack of specialists in the medical professions is estimated globally at around 4,3 mln employed. Simultaneously, there is a huge increase of needs on the demand side. The main factor of increase of health needs - the increase of income - is nowadays intensified by the demographic and epidemiological changes, connected mainly with the population aging process. It is stressed in the article that in order to fight efficiently the shrinking of labour resources of medical professions, one should undertake immediate actions in the field of education, improvement of working conditions and wages of doctors and nurses, and introduce the institution of social dialogue into the current system of collective bargaining in Poland.
On today's labour market, recruitment tendencies show a somewhat decreased interest in workforce with specialised knowledge, while there seems to be a strong need for people who are ready to acquire new knowledge, skills and competencies. In the information age, digital and information literacy have become essential competencies. The basics of information literacy can be acquired by distance learning or at special courses organised by libraries. During the timeframe of the current research, part-time students of the Szombathely Teachers' Training College acquired the basics of research methodology via a distance learning course of 12 hours. The knowledge acquired at the course was then transformed into competencies doing practical exercises at the college library. The experiences of this project as well as outcomes of other user education courses at public libraries were examined by tests and questionnaires. The findings showed that the applied method successfully contributed to the development of the information literacy competencies of the participants. However, it was also shown that even when choosing the downloadable electronic format, participants printed it out prior to learning.
The article presents results of the Labour Force Survey module survey “Entry of young person into the labour market in 2009”. It contains information enabling the assessment of the impact of the young people’s educational level on their job, expectations regarding the first job and their status on the labour market. The survey was conducted by the Central Statistical Office in the 2nd quarter of 2009 and provided data on the employment situation of the population aged 15-34.
The term flexicurity redefines the relationship between employers and employees in the labour market. Flexicurity attempts to strike a balance between the flexibility of employment and the competitiveness of en¬trepreneurs. Denmark and the Netherlands, which have successfully applied flexicurity solutions, are looked up to when it comes to the implementation of these solutions. Long before the economic crisis and down¬turn, flexicurity solutions had proven to be an effective tool to maintain the lowest levels of unemployment among the EU countries. The article presents the results of research on the relationships between the unemployment rate and the flexibility of labour market during the period of the economic crisis and downturn after 2007.
The work aims are: 1) analysis of intra EU migration after the recent regional block enlargement, 2) evaluation of its economic outcomes for the countries with the most inflow of immigrants and for which labour migration size was significant relative to their population potential. The most important conclusions are the following: 1) immigrants came mainly from the less developed countries, 2) migration had a positive impact on EU economic growth, 3) immigrants constituted complementary labour and did not cause labour market deterioration in the EU-15 countries, 4) financial remittances to emigrants countries were an important factor of demand growth.
One of the recently observed trends in Poland, as in most other countries, is the increase in the distances between the different income segments of the labor market. This is accompanied by an increase in relative poverty of the employees. In the nineties in the twentieth century the term of working poor appeared. In discussions on poverty, however, many problems are mainly ignored such as: poor workers, fair pay, access to market offers, quality housing, effective health care, modern education and the judiciary. Poverty is mainly associated with unemployment, homelessness and social exclusion. The problem of low salaries is considered a natural consequence of market competition and the skills and labor market activity of individual units. The process of increasing economic stratification is not an autonomous phenomenon, arising only from the different attitudes, life strategies, skills, abilities and determination of individual units, but increasingly it is the consequence of economic liberalization and globalization effect distribution. The existence of poor working reduces the number of unemployed and improves the economic situation of the companies, but generates new problems such as: a growing number of inactive people, unstable employment situation and income, the growing movement of employees, lack of job security, economic and non-economic deprivation of employment, social discontent, social disintegration and hidden unemployment.
In Poland, two sources of data concerning unemployment rate are applied. The first one is closely linked to the registration of unemployed persons in the powiat labour offices and is called 'registered unemployment'. The second source is the data collected from the Labour Force Survey (Badanie Aktywnosci Ekonomicznej Ludnosci - BAEL), on the basis of which the labour force size and structure as well as the unemployment rate are assessed. When compared, the value of registered unemployment rate and the value of unemployment rate calculated on the basis of BAEL display some differences. The aim of this paper is to clarify the disparities between the registered unemployment rate and the unemployment rate estimated on the basis of BAEL, as well as to determine the factors leading to the differences in the process of calculating both indicators.
The goal of the elaboration is to present, analyze and evaluate tendencies in main economic ratios connected with level, structure and dynamics of labour supply in Poland after 1990. In the first part the size of human resources was presented, in particular it was the population at the working age in relation with the population at the pre- and post-working age. Than the presentation and evaluation of changes in economic activity and level of education in Poland was made. In the next part of the elaboration the attempt was made to evaluate the tendencies in abroad migrations under conditions of Polish accession to the European Union. Finally, labour demand was presented, especially the level and dynamics of the number of employed persons. The main thesis of the elaboration is to present changes in Polish human resources in the last seventeen years taking into considerations demographic conditions and European integration. The main method used in the research was the descriptive statistics
The principal aim of this paper is to determine which inputs affect active labour market policy expenditure of nine OECD countries. After the theoretical insight, we have conducted an empirical analysis using data from 2000 to 2013 and applied the dynamic Arellano-Bond panel data model. We checked the robustness of our results by revising our dynamic Arellano-Bond model (by excluding correlated and non-significant variables) and comparing the results with the fixed-effects and random-effects data estimation model. Our results show that, from the practical standpoint, the expenditure on active labour market policy measures in the previous year has had the strongest impact on the expenditure in the following period. We have noticed a change in factors that influence the expenditure from the pre-crisis to the post-crisis period. General economic indicators (such as GDP) and labour market indicators play more important role in times of the economic crisis.
The aim of this paper is to characterize the progress of changing position of the economic sectors, branches and situation on the labour market due to the influence of a huge economic growth. There is an analysis of the trends in GDP branch structure, labour market, production changes and foreign trade with focus on the changes in its technological intensity. The concluding part of the paper analyses changes in financial position of the corporations.
Taxi driving is a primary occupation for immigrants to New York City. Driving a cab in New York City, the home of a substantial majority of American cabbies is nearly a rite of passage for newly arrived male immigrants. For generations Americans have believed that the job helped an immigrant to learn the city, acculturate to American mores, earn sufficient cash to secure a better occupation, and ultimately insure that his sons will not have to wrestle a steering wheel twelve hours or more a day. During the 1950s that dream sometimes became a reality. More recently, cab drivers spend their work lives pushing a hack through the city streets. Still would-be cab drivers come from all over the world to push a hack in New York City. In this article, I will indicate how New Yorkers and cab drivers themselves perceive the trade as composed of aliens, criminals, acculturating new Americans, in identity politics or as part of a multicultural mosaic, and today as proletarians.
In this article the authorsw review several different concepts related to immigrant incorporation in the labour market through self-employment. They also examine the main theoretical currents concerned with explaining the phenomenon, occasionally with particular attention to cultural, ecological and interactive factors typical of the North American environment. However, the European case requires a new model, based on social embedment, analysing both market determinants and context of reception, which are usually stricter. Finally, they go on to the new perspectives of research that understands consolidation of immigrant entrepreneurs as a logical transnational action.
The article deals with the prospects for a solution to rural employment in Slovakia. It defines rural space according to the OECD definition and outlines the starting points for a future strategy of solution to rural employment. It identifies the most important factors shaping the development of this area such as, for instance, pressures on labor mobility and labor productivity, demands for improvement of human capital, the infrastructure facilities, restructuring and diversification of rural economy, and changes in a demographic evolution. The outlined perspective of the solution consists indeed in two dimensions, i.e. the development of the human resources and the increase in the entrepreneurial and regional competitiveness. It argues that a continuation of the present situation sets up a danger of the persistence of dual economy and growing socially unacceptable differentiation, including the persistence of the unequal opportunities for the population and the entrepreneurial activities as well particularly in the remote and economically underdeveloped regions. With regard to the significant regional disparities and reduced competitiveness of the economically disadvantaged rural areas, it is necessary to solve this problem progressively and, in particular, systematically.
Effects of recession on the structure of employment have been different in each phase of recession (and revival after the recession). It seems likely correct the assumption of our earlier analysis that in the initial phase of the recession was already noticeable structural changes in employment, but they were far from its final form. In later stages, the shape and intensity of structural changes has changed significantly. Recession strengthened the position of highest-educated workers, penalizing the segment of youngest workers, in their early stage have necessitated further expansion of self-employment to the prejudice of dependent work. Recession in some cases reinforced the structural changes in employment, which were already present even before the recession (expansion of self-employment, share increase of the tertiary educated employed persons), in other cases, the recession has brought new structural changes (increase in the proportion of part-time work). Seem to be more important the cases, when the recession reinforced the structural changes that were in milder form present even before the recession. The recession has added new momentum to them.
The purpose of this paper is to depict the population of the working poor in Poland, the EU, the USA and developing countries. The socioeconomic transformations of the last thirty years (e.g. high-tech revolution, globalization, time-space compression) have completely changed and are still changing the labour market. A shift from mass production (Fordism) to flexible specialization (post-Fordism) has caused the erosion of the 'old world of work'. In an era of disorganized capitalism, the work becomes on the one hand more flexible, and on the other less secure. This contributes to greater instability of employment, as well as leads to social disparities and poverty in the labour market.
This paper analyses the performance of active labour market policies (ALMP) in Slovakia. We found limited evidence of the economic efficiency of the ALMP in Slovakia. We quantify the relative importance of the ALMP compared to other factors for the employability of job seekers. ALMP performance relates to a host of external factors, such as business cycles, the number of local job vacancies, discrimination towards some ethnic minorities, and levels of regional development. Furthermore, we quantify policy effectiveness of the most important ALMP instruments. The concluding part of the paper points towards the importance of the ongoing demographic transition for revamping the current structure of ALMP.
In the previous years, the development of the macroeconomic parameters was favourable, except the labour market. The trends in an unemployment rate, as well as a development of the real wages seemed not to be in the accord with the high economic growth. In 2005, the development on the labour market was different, and more favourable than in the previous the other kinds of imbalance - higher growth of the real wages compared with lower growth of a productivity. This article explains changes in the development trends in the year 2005, makes statements to some discussed topics (risks of imbalance between wage growth and productivity growth or the scope of tax wedge) and indicates the possible development projections in the years 2006 and 2007.
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