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UNITED IN DIVERSITY. LABOUR MARKETS IN THE CEE COUNTRIES

100%
Benčík M.
Ekonomický časopis (Journal of Economics)
|
2022
|
vol. 70
|
issue 4
333 – 348
EN
We study supply side factors of the labour market in the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland and Slovakia. The common economic history of these Central European economies suggests that long-run relationships should have similar patterns. While we find that for the Czech Republic and Hungary there exists a long-run relation of equilibrium unemployment rate to real wages, capital stock and terms of trade, such relationship does not hold for Poland and Slovakia. Instead, labour market trends are better described by the relationship of equilibrium real wages. This finding uncovers structural differences within the Visegrad countries. These differences relate to the extent to which labour supply can adapt to shocks. In practice this would suggest that it was more efficient for Slovakia to conduct supply-oriented policies to stabilize labour market conditions. On the contrary, the more efficient tools for the Czech Republic are wage-oriented policies, connected to the demand side.
2
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IMMIGRATION IN THE UNITED STATES AND THE EUROPEAN UNION. HELPING TO SOLVE THE ECONOMIC CONSEQUENCES OF AGEING ?

75%
Gal Z.
Sociológia (Sociology)
|
2008
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vol. 40
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issue 1
35-61
EN
Most societies of the developed world are ageing rapidly. The number of the pensioners has been rising continuously during the past decades. In the future we are facing even bigger rises in the number and share of old (65 +) population while the number of working age (15-64) population will rise only slowly or in many developed countries it is going to stagnate or decline. The old-age dependency ratio (number of older people over 65 relative to the working age population) will rise in all OECD economies posing a critical challenge to the public finances. The public pension expenditure as a percent of GDP has risen in the EU-15 from about 6% in 1960 to over 12% in 2000 and on the assumption that no action will be taken to address this situation, pension spending could reach the unsustainable levels close to 20% of GDP in the coming decades. The ageing together with the fast improvement of the (mostly very expensive) medical technologies also leads to the expanding health-care costs in public budgets. The replacement of the part of working age population through migration could help to reduce the financial burden of ageing. The aim of the paper is to answer the question: is replacement migration a good solution for the EU and America to tackle the rising fiscal expenditure on pensions? Does it help to solve the financial consequences of ageing? If the main goal of the immigration is the economic benefit for the host societies - the author thinks it should be - then migration must have a positive fiscal effect on the public budgets. If the immigrants pay more to the public budget than they receive from it, the fiscal effect of migration is positive. If the immigrants 'pay their way' we can talk about a transfer of wealth from the immigrants to natives. In this case immigration helps to reduce the financial burden of ageing. The author argues, that during the last two decades in many Western countries the migration lead to more costs then benefits and created more problems than solved. Some EU members - instead of using immigration as a tool to tackle the financial consequences of ageing - were creating their new ethnic underclass. The fiscal impact of immigration is strongly dependent on the various factors, notably the state of the labour market, the composition of migrants, the extension of the welfare states and the access of immigrants to the welfare benefits. So any immigration reform targeting a positive fiscal balance shall take these factors into consideration.
3
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POLISH CIRCULAR MIGRATION AND MARGINALITY: A LIVELIHOOD STRATEGY APPROACH

75%
White A.
Studia Migracyjne - Przegląd Polonijny
|
2016
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vol. 42
|
issue 1 (159)
153-166
EN
The paper is based on 49 semi-structured interviews conducted in 2012–3 with return migrants and/or long-term unemployed people in Grajewo and Limanowa. I explore the causes of circular migration from Poland to West European countries today (preferring the term ‘repeated migration,’ since interviewees often migrated at irregular intervals). Migration theory suggests that as migration networks proliferate, migration becomes less selective and some poorer people begin to migrate. Applying a livelihood strategy approach to understand how residents of small towns – especially parents – make choices about where to work, I found that even the poorest interviewees had contacts abroad and did consider international migration as an option. However, these contacts did not always facilitate their migration and, if interviewees went abroad, they lacked confidence to expand their networks in the receiving country and stay long enough to significantly improve their household income. Obtaining contacts abroad, in the context of an overall expansion of transnational networks between Poland and the UK, does not always make migration easy, and only partly explains why poor people migrate. Push factors remain very significant.
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