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1

PÁL PERESZLÉNYI'S GRAMMAR FROM 1682. SOURCES AND PARALLELS

100%
C-Vladar Z.
Magyar Nyelv (Hungarian Language)
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2007
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vol. 103
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issue 3
257-270
EN
AThis paper discusses 'Grammatica Lingvae Ungaricae' (1682) by Pál Pereszlényi, member of the Society of Jesus. It seeks answers to two questions: what sources Pereszlényi must have consulted, and whether his work exhibits parallels with other grammars. It is pointed out that Pereszlényi's grammar was an adaptation to Hungarian of the Jesuit Latin grammar by Emmanuel Alvarez, used throughout the world at the time, and was written primarily with practical language-teaching considerations in mind. Accordingly, it is assumed that Pereszlényi tried to stick to the Latin model as much as possible, and described Hungarian peculiarities within the system of categories worked out for Latin, suitably modified, rather than by introducing novel categories. A detailed comparison of the two grammars supports that hypothesis. In describing typological dissimilarities between Latin and Hungarian, Pereszlényi relied on Albert Szenczi Molnár's 1610 grammar of Hungarian and on Latinized Hebrew grammatical tradition. Another issue to be investigated was whether the categorization of dissimilarities exhibited any parallels with Latin-based early grammars of other agglutinating (Finno-Ugric) languages. An analysis of the latter works shows that the respective authors, faced with similar descriptive challenges, arrived at similar solutions based on similar points of departure but independently of one another.
2

THE ORIGIN OF THE WORD 'BONZE' AND WHAT SURROUNDS IT IN THE HISTORY OF JAPANESE

100%
Senga T.
Magyar Nyelv (Hungarian Language)
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2008
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vol. 104
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issue 3
316-333
EN
The word stocks of most European languages include a word meaning 'Buddhist priest' that is regarded as a direct or indirect borrowing from Portuguese (Spanish, Italian) 'bonzo'. The lexeme has been adopted into Hungarian in the form 'bonc'. With respect to its etymology, several views have been put forward in the relevant dictionaries. Potential sources include the following Japanese words: 'bonzo ~ bonso' (a common priest, an ignorant priest), 'bonso' (a Buddhist priest, an Indian priest), and 'bozu' (a Buddhist priest). Although semantically it is the third item - having several other meanings as well - that comes closest to Portuguese 'bonzo', in terms of their form, the first, and perhaps even the second, items could also be taken into consideration. However, the first two words have been rather infrequent in comparison with the third - that was originally coined in Japan, rather than in China - ever since the 17th century. This word, involving a long nuclear -o-, is included in a monumental Japanese-Portuguese dictionary (1603) in the form 'Bozu' as a headword, following the Portuguese-style transcription of the day, but in the Portuguese definitions, it occurs several times as 'Bonzo (Bozo)'. On the basis of the Portuguese spelling, it cannot be determined which of the two existing forms of pronunciation 'bonzo' approximates, as both were in use in the 17th century This paper tries to clarify certain issues with respect to the history of this item, with particular emphasis on written documents and the historical phonology of Japanese.
3

ON NAMES OF SETTLEMENTS BASED ON PATROCINIA

100%
Toth V.
Magyar Nyelv (Hungarian Language)
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2007
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vol. 103
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issue 4
408-419
EN
It has been known since the publication of MEZ_ (1996) that this seemingly peripheral type of names (cases where a settlement is named after the patron saint of its church) was rather widespread in a particular period of the history of Hungary. The present paper intends to find out what types of factors might underlie its popularity in that period. Considering the circumstances of the emergence of names of settlements based on patrocinia, all the factors discussed suggest that this type of names was not created by natural linguistic development but rather enforced 'rom above', by church authorities. Since, however, such names were not at all unfamiliar, in a typological sense, within the system of Hungarian names, there was no systematic obstacle for the spread of that naming habit. Eventually it escaped from its church-directed origins and, using the existing names as models, new names of the same type started emerging 'spontaneously'. It is from that point onwards that patrocinium-based names can be considered an established type in Hungary, too. The Hungarian system of geographical names eventually adopted this procedure of naming, with so much success that these names did not only serve as bases of analogy in the creation of new names of the type 'Szentpéter' (St Peter), 'Szentmárton' (St Martin), 'Szentgyörgy' (St George), not initiated by the church any more, but even in the transformation of existing names, as well.
4

CONTRAST AND EQUIVALENCE OF MEANING

100%
Balazsi J. A.
Magyar Nyelv (Hungarian Language)
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2007
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vol. 103
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issue 4
419-432
EN
This paper presents an analysis of the concepts of 'death' vs. 'life', and the corresponding Hungarian adjectives 'holt' (dead): 'él_ (living), 'halott' (dead) : 'eleven' (alive). For lack of space, only the basic meanings of these adjectives are discussed, using contexts and attributive constructions taken from historical sources. It is concluded that the participle él_ has three basic meanings, two of them active and one passive: 1. 'one that lives' (intransitive), 2. 'one that makes sy live' (transitive), and 3. 'one that is lived' (passive). A fourth meaning, 'one that subsists/feeds on sg', can be seen as a subtype of the first meaning, since no direct object is involved, but it can also be considered a separate meaning. 'Eleven' and 'halott/holt' are a lot more homogeneous semantically. These pairs of opposites prove that, in many cases, antonyms are linked to one another by more intricate relationships than could be interpreted in black-and-white terms. Since life is, quite literally, a matter of life and death for human beings, various non-semantic (moral, theological, etc.) aspects necessarily ooze into these meanings. The contrast between the living and the dead, the confrontation of life and death, is neatly reflected by linguistic data, as the examples cited in this paper demonstrate. Investigations taking different points of departure and having different aims might reveal an even more intricate system of oppositions.
5
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Old Polish names of people speaking in court, based on Preslavic '*per-ti', and their history in Polish language

63%
Zajda A.
LingVaria : Półrocznik Wydziału Polonistyki UJ poświęcony zagadnieniom języka i językoznawstwa
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2006
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issue 2
37-48
EN
The author described structure and history of 7 Old Polish names of people who participated in legal tussles, names based on Preslavic verb ' *per-ti', such as: 'pierca pierzca 1399', 'sapierz 1409', 'sporca 1449', 'odporca 1460', 'porca 1460', 'sapierca 1460', 'wsporca 1460'. The article continues the treatise that dealt with names of legal tussles and trials based on verb '*per-ti'. 'Sapierz' is the oldest name, found also in other Slavic languages. These words vanished in the 16th century, because of their ancient structure (sapierz) or frequent polisemy (pierca, sapierz), and were replaced by native monosemic syntactic derivatives and their elliptic continuants (powód, powodna persona, pozwana persona, pozwany), or - less frequently - by borrowings (prokurator).
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Old Polish names of legal tussles and trials based on preslavic '*per-ti' and their history in Polish language

63%
Zajda A.
LingVaria : Półrocznik Wydziału Polonistyki UJ poświęcony zagadnieniom języka i językoznawstwa
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2006
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issue 1
117-126
EN
Preslavic verb '*per-ti' (to push) and its prefix derivatives constituted the base for many law terms (nouns and verbs) in Polish and other Slavic languages. It may be explained by the fact that the meaning of the root of the verb is essential in expressing different kinds of interpersonal conflicts. The author shows the terms that named activities in Old Polish legal vocabulary and continued preslavic '*per-ti'.
7

Dějiny jazyka v Polsku

63%
Malicki J.
Listy filologické (Folia philologica)
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2008
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vol. 131
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issue 1-2
243-248
EN
The contribution deals with the conception of language history as a discipline of the diachronic linguistics and also with the contents of the synthetical works on language history, the latter of which are the major task of language history. In the light of more recent works on the development of the Czech language the author gives a short description of the Polish discussion about the contents of the language history and the synthetical language history works during the last 40 years. Some fundamental postulates formulated in this debate might be useful also for the next synthetical work on Czech language history.
8

THE HUNGARIANIZATION OF SURNAMES AND NATIONAL ROMANTICISM

63%
Juhasz D.
Magyar Nyelv (Hungarian Language)
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2005
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vol. 101
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issue 2
196-202
EN
During the 19th and 20th centuries, hundreds of thousands of people submitted requests to the Hungarian Ministry of the Interior in order for their surnames to be officially altered. Many reasons can underlie such changes of surnames. Those reasons can also apply in conjunction (intention of or pressure for assimilation, abandoning a name of foreign shape or unpleasant meaning, 'gaining' a name of a more elegant, nicer, or more Hungarian-sounding prestige, religious, ideological, or career-related motives, etc.). Individual components of compound names can be semantic group forming entities separately, too. The paper sketches groups of assumed names evoking the figurative/symbolic world of romanticism, with special emphasis on the glorious past and on positive properties of one's human or national character.
9

THE POSSIBILITY OF A NEW KIND OF SYSTEMATIZATION OF HUNGARIAN FAMILY NAMES

63%
N-Fodor J.
Magyar Nyelv (Hungarian Language)
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2008
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vol. 104
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issue 3
286-306
EN
The new approach to the analysis of family names proposed here bears some similarity to motivation-based systematizations of traditional typologies. The basis of naming is most often related to some peculiarity or characteristic attribute of the person named. In such cases, the (part of a) name concerned has a peculiarity-marking function (Hoffmann, 1999). Given the basic theorem that name giving is mainly determined by extra-linguistic factors (elements of reality), it is most appropriate to delimit peculiarity-marking categories cognitively on the basis of the relationship between the name bearer and a segment or constituent of reality. Linguistic meaning 'is closely related to cognition, that is, the way we perceive the world around us' (Kiefer, 2007). In terms of cognitive semantics, human perception identifies a smaller, less conspicuous, less readily identifiable object or entity (figure) in relation to a larger, more static piece of reality carrying known information (ground). In that relationship, five elements of reality can be discerned: (1) the individual being named, (2) a person or group of persons, (3) society, (4) a place, and (5) relevant things or events.
10

LINGUISTIC CHANGE - RESEARCHER'S DILEMMAS

63%
Kiss J.
Magyar Nyelv (Hungarian Language)
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2008
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vol. 194
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issue 3
257-274
EN
The paper discusses problems concerning the theory of linguistic change. It focuses on three interdependent issues: (1) language and its user; (2) language and its use; (3) linguistic change and human conduct. The central issue is what role is played in linguistic change by the fact that the homo sapiens uses language and the way in which he uses it. It is self-evident that, in the study of linguistic change, the point of departure is the system of language. The object of study is what changed, how, and why. Extra-linguistic factors (may) play a role in the third of those questions. People's lives and activities are kept in the desired channel by the biological law of homeostasis. Through a series of linked transmissions, that law prevails in the human activity of language use as well. And given that linguistic change comes into being in the course of humans' linguistic activity, that is, in language use, the author argues that homeostasis can be seen as a general mechanism indirectly governing language change.
11

DISTORTION DEVICES USED IN HUNGARIAN 'ANTI-PROVERBS'

63%
Vargha K., T-Litovkina A.
Magyar Nyelv (Hungarian Language)
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2007
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vol. 103
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issue 2
179-199
EN
Proverbs are not fully fossilized chunks of text; rather, they tend to get adjusted to the language use or mentality of the given period as well as to the context in which they occur. In that light, antiproverbs can be seen as versions of proverbs that constitute a group of texts clearly separated from traditional proverbs. Their common feature is exactly the fact that they modify or distort some traditional text. Individual distorted versions only rarely become commonly known, in most cases, they remain at the level of individual creativity. However, the text type itself occurs in large numbers these days, hence research on proverbs cannot afford to ignore it. Consequently, experts do not only have to collect and publish traditional proverbs but also their distorted derivatives. The present authoresses take it to be their task to provide a formal, functional and stylistic analysis of the latter type, too. In this paper, a taxonomy of formal possibilities is set up to present the favourite ways of distortion of Hungarian anti-proverbs, each illustrated by a couple of examples. It is also discussed which devices of linguistic humour are often used in distorting traditional proverbs. In many cases, these processes of distortion are combined in a variety of ways, sometimes just a few words are retained from the original proverb. On the other hand, it is to be emphasised that parody is only effective if the original can be recognised behind it. Therefore, the distortion of proverbs presupposes familiarity with those proverbs in the first place, and keeps them alive by constantly referring back to them.
12

THE EFFECT OF DOCUMENT-WRITING TECHNIQUES ON THE EMERGENCE OF SURNAMES IN THE 14TH CENTURY

63%
Sliz M.
Magyar Nyelv (Hungarian Language)
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2008
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vol. 104
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issue 2
186-197
EN
The claim that document-writing techniques had a major influence on the emergence of family names is a commonplace in onomatology. But what exactly does this mean? What was the nature and extent of that influence? These questions make further research necessary; the aim of the present paper is merely to contribute a few observations. The data have been collected from documents written in the first one-third of the fourteenth century and have been restricted to noblemen's or noblewomen's names. In the period under study, the use of distinctive names can be said to have been general. However, the name of a particular person occurred in widely different versions. The reason may have been that the person had acquired a new property or been awarded a new position or dignity. Also, the 'explicitness' of the name may have depended on the person's social status, gender, and role in the affair recorded in the document, as well as what image he/she wanted to project of himself/herself. These facts allow us to conclude that, a few exceptions apart, we cannot speak of inherited surnames in this period, even with respect to the nobility. The intention to achieve precision and invariability of reference is more appropriate to consider as a factor facilitating the stabilization of two-element names with respect to commoners, especially servants and serfs. The detailing circumscriptions occurring in nobles' names were a retarding, rather than facilitating, factor in the stabilization of two-element personal names.
13

REFORMING TERMINOLOGY: THE SYSTEMATIZATION OF TECHNOLOGICAL AND SCIENTIFIC TERMS

63%
Foris A.
Magyar Nyelv (Hungarian Language)
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2007
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vol. 103
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issue 1
55-66
EN
With the explosion-like development of science and technology we can witness today, the growth of special vocabulary, just like nearly all economic or social processes, has accelerated greatly. Such progress has resulted in quite a new situation with respect to defining new concepts, proposing and systematizing new terms for them, that is, in the research and development of terminology. This paper surveys some major features of the renewal of scientific and technological terminology, followed by a detailed account of the development of terminology in a relatively new branch of physics. As a concrete example, the term 'lézer' (laser) and its integration in the Hungarian system of terminology is discussed. The reason why it is some characteristic aspects of the terminological development of laser physics that are presented here is that useful experience can be gained for terminological development in general from an area in which new terminology has been successfully created in a fast progressing field and has also been integrated in the overall system of terminology. Finally, the imminent tasks of reforming terminology are summarized, including reasons leading to terminological confusion and the ways of overcoming them.
14

A STUDY OF ELATIVE, DELATIVE AND ABLATIVE SUFFIXES IN THE FIRST HALF CENTURY OF HUNGARIAN TYPOGRAPHY

63%
Kalcso G.
Magyar Nyelv (Hungarian Language)
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2007
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vol. 103
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issue 3
282-300
EN
This paper deals with the variation of elative, delative and ablative suffixes appearing in early Hungarian books. The corpus-based study is based on data from the period between 1527 and 1576, composed of 103 texts representing the independent variables selected: the authors' place of birth, the place and date of the edition, the genre, and other characteristics of the texts such as translation vs. original, etc. The variants of each suffix being originally distributed on a regional dialectal basis also show another kind of distribution: the hypothetical spoken and the analysed written forms diverge substantially more from each other than they did earlier (as, e.g., in the previous period, the age of the codices). Analogical levelling produced a clear borderline between the written (especially printed) and the spoken forms. The written forms of the elative, delative and ablative suffixes display mid vowels, whereas their spoken forms involved high vowels at the time. These forms appear in early Hungarian books as a function not of the independent variables chosen, but of the new linguistic medium itself and of its norms being formed.
15

RESEARCH OF HISTORY OF THE STANDARD SLOVAK LANGUAGE AND EUGEN JONA (Vyskum dejin spisovnej slovenciny a Eugen Jona)

51%
Muzikova K.
Slovenská reč (Slovak Language)
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2010
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vol. 75
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issue 2
77-85
EN
In the first part of the paper the authoress deals with some methodological problems of research of the Slovak standard language history: 1) what is or what should be a subject of history of standard language research; 2) methods applied in study of arise and development of a standard language. She also refers to utilizing of new methodological approaches (e.g. sociolinguistic approach) in study of standard Slovak history. In the second part she points out the contribution of E. Jona to the Slovak standard history research. E. Jona with his works focused on the history of standard Slovak contributed to knowledge of its development as well as to construction of the methodology of this subject.
16

SOME NOTES ON THE LINGUISTIC ASPECT OF THE LECTURES BY PETER TRNOVSKÝ FROM 17-TH CENTURY. I.

51%
Kuchar R.
Slovenská reč (Slovak Language)
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2008
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vol. 73
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issue 6
333-343
EN
The article deals with some linguistic aspects of the Lectures by Peter Trnovsky (1631) as they are reflected in various linguistic planes. In particular, the paper aims to clarify the lingual difference between these lectures and other relics of a religious nature. The lectures are written in a relatively good cultural, north-west-middle type of the Slovak language with numerous components from the Czech language, they are not so appropriate in the Czech language. The fact that the author is a member of the Protestant Church is interesting, because he was supposed to use 'Biblictina' (the language of the Kralicka Bible) while doing his lectures. However, there are sufficiently used all the components typical for cultural language of the Slovak ethnic group.
17

AN ETYMOLOGICAL DICTIONARY OF TURKISH AND THE HISTORY OF THE HUNGARIAN LANGUAGE

51%
Hasan E.
Magyar Nyelv (Hungarian Language)
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2005
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vol. 101
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issue 3
275-282
EN
This paper gives a detailed survey, starting with Ármin Vámbéry's dictionary, of the history of Turkish etymological dictionaries and related aspects of etymological research. A recent product of that research is 'An Etymological Dictionary of the Turkish Language', compiled by the author, that can be seen as a concise preliminary sample of the originally planned project. In the second part of the paper, the author describes some Hungarian-related etymological analyses associated with that project (e.g., on H mogyoró 'hazelnut', tanú 'witness', tapsifüles 'bunny', tor 'funeral banquet', etc.) that are especially relevant with respect to the linguistic and cultural history of Hungarian.
18

ALBERT SZENCZI MOLNÁR'S HYMNS AND STANDARD LITERARY HUNGARIAN

51%
Szathmari I.
Magyar Nyelv (Hungarian Language)
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2007
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vol. 103
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issue 4
399-408
EN
This paper first summarizes Szenczi Molnár's activities in linguistics and philology (his dictionary, his grammar, his hymn book, his emendation of Gáspár Károli's translation of the Bible, and his own translation of Calvin's Institutio). Then, a definition of 'literary language' is provided, with reference to the tenets of the Linguistics Circle of Prague concerning the plurifunctionalism of linguistic devices and their intellectualization as two prerequisites of the emergence of a literary language. After that, it is explored to what extent Szenczi Molnár's hymns served the emergence of Standard Literary Hungarian. How these hymns were written (translated) and to what extent they went into general use is discussed next. The reason for their popularity is found in their richness of content, variety and high quality of style, as well as in their well-constructed rhythm. Finally, the paper discusses the manner in which the phonological, morphological, and syntactic features of the hymns, the differentiation of the linguistic devices involved and the creation of tools of high-standard reasoning contributed to the emergence of Standard Literary Hungarian.
19

THE ROLE OF THE SZÉKELY PEOPLE IN DEFENDING THE COUNTRY IN THE ÁRPÁDIAN AGE

51%
Benko L.
Magyar Nyelv (Hungarian Language)
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2005
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vol. 101
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issue 3
269-274
EN
The eleventh and twelfth-century history of the Székely, one of the characteristic groups of Hungarians, has to be revised at a number of points as compared to earlier studies in the field. This paper discusses an important issue within that period of the history of the Székely: their role in defending Hungary. The discussion retains its original form as an oral presentation and focuses on the results of the inquiry. It argues against the claim that the Kingdom of Hungary had employed foreigners, nomadic people from the East, to defend the country in the early Árpádian age. Rather, the kings of Hungary at that time organised Hungarian troops to accomplish that task from light horsemen capable of forming flying patrols and deployed them next to strategically prominent roads and mountain passes, generally at the fringes of the territories within which Hungarian was spoken. Many of these groups of people, referred to as the Székely, were later transferred from those remote areas to what is known as the Székely land in eastern Transylvania today, also with defence tasks, only in the late twelfth and early thirteenth centuries.
20
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Confronting Juridical Terms of the Dictionary of Konstanty Szyrwid and of the Statutes of the Great Duchy of Lithuania

51%
Lizisowa M. T.
Acta Baltico-Slavica
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2006
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vol. 30
145-164
EN
The objective of the present research is to reconstruct the system of juridical terms in the language of the 16th century Lithuanian legislation and to confront the textual realization of a pattern with the general social understanding of these particular terms at the beginning of the 17th century in the Great Duchy of Lithuania. The prototypes of categories of establishing interpersonal relationships (LAW, GUILT, COURT, AUTHORITY) as well as the prototypes of categories of the classification of a deed within interpersonal relations (LAW, DEBT, GUILT, HARM), researched in the context of a legislative act reflecting the awareness of legislators and the intellectual elite, are not adequate to the examples of the prototypes of categories certified by the Polish-Latin-Lithuanian dictionary according to the actual state of the common language. European juridical terms, taken on as a part of the Renaissance currents, were adopted to suit the local conditions of political and social life.Multilingualism of linguistic resources makes it considerably easier to identify the terms and to observe semantic reallocations of juridical terms in a given category.
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