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Repression versus Free and Controlled Market. Research into the (weak) Effectiveness of the Polish Foreign Currency (US dollar/zloty) Market over the Years 1983-1989 and 1991-2006

100%
Gruszczynski M.
Ekonomia. Rynek, Gospodarka, Społeczeństwo
|
2007
|
issue 19
133-149
EN
In 1982-2006 the Polish foreign currency market underwent a total revolution. A liberalization of the capital account took place. Poland became a member of the IMF, OECD and European Union. The exchange rate control system underwent an evolution as well: from an unreal, through rigid to a market forces controlled system. A similar change is also visible among the market participants - now, Poland makes part of the global financial system sharing all its advantages and threats. In the paper, the author tried to verify the hypothesis about the improvement in the effectiveness of the Polish foreign exchange market (in its weak version). The presented research results suggest that till 1998 (or 2000) the Polish market was really getting more and more effective. However, since the beginning of the 21st century the hypothesis of the market's effectiveness has been rather difficult to accept (although, its rejection may require some further, more advanced research). The main cause of the exchange rate's ineffectiveness may consist in the advantageous balance of Poland's EU accession and integration and, prior to 2004, in the declining interest rates together with optimistic expectations of the market participants as to the success of Poland's aspiration after the EU membership. On the other hand, in 2007 the transition period will expire during which Poland has been permitted to reckon the Open Pension Funds in the public finance sector. Slowly, the negative aspects of the pending problems (miners' pensions, compensations for longterm contracts in the electric power sector, and maybe also for the liquidation of special economic zones, guarantees and lack of reforms in the Polish State Railways, indemnity for the Eureco consortium) hitherto delayed will begin to be felt. The adverse influence of the integration on the state budget can increase the deficit over the desirable 3% or induce the authorities to further indebtedness. As a result, the hitherto observed onesided pressure on the zloty exchange rate can vanish. It is probable then that an improvement in the market effectiveness will take place with the appearance of factors that usually contribute to weakening of the exchange rate but till now have not been sufficiently strong.
2

LIBERALIZATION OF INTERNATIONAL REGULATIONS OF AVIATION MARKET - BENEFITS AND THREATS

80%
Polkowska M.
Myśl Ekonomiczna i Prawna
|
2006
|
issue 4(15)
155-178
EN
The aim of the paper is to present the process of liberalization of international regulations of aviation market. Since the mid 90-s there has been a considerable development of transport market and aviation industry. One can observe a significant progress towards liberalization of regulations of international aviation transport. There is also a growing number of states which are the parties in the contacts of full market access. At the same time the aviation industry is going through structural transformations such as mergers and alliances which enables companies to compete on the world's aviation market. The authoress analyses the activities of international organizations (ICAO) and regional organizations (the EU) with reference to existing problems on the aviation market ( privatization, commercialization, property, control ) She points out that in the times of liberalization of regulations of the industry globalization and the era of aviation alliances the time has come to loosen the regulations concerning foreign investment addressed to national carriers. The trends existing in economy indicate the international character of markets in a lot of essential areas. Transgenic flows of capital coincide with a huge increase in the number of multinational companies which join the capital and introduce mixed boards consisting of different states citizens. Currently there is a large number of companies which do not possess a clear cut line of division of national responsibilities. The authoress concludes that aviation widely understood as 'airline industry' will also be susceptible to these trends and will gradually lose its national character. The beginning of these changes in recent years has been a gradual liberalization of aviation transport in Europe and opening competition among aviation carriers in other regions of the world, such as Australia and New Zealand.
3

TRANSNATIONAL CORPORATIONS AND THEIR ROLE IN THE ERA OF GLOBALIZATION (Korporacje transnarodowe i ich rola w okresie globalizacji)

80%
Jarosz R.
Myśl Ekonomiczna i Prawna
|
2009
|
issue 4(27)
103-114
EN
Globalization and liberalization of the global economy give an increasing opportunity for domestic firms to internationalize their operation. There are several different ways of entering the foreign market, from export to direct investments. According to the J. H. Dunning's eclectic theory of international production, which is widely accepted as the best theoretical explanation of foreign direct investments (FDI), a firm only makes direct investments when three conditions are simultaneously fulfilled. These are ownership advantages, location advantages and internalization advantages. The article seeks to explain, on the theoretical basis, the necessary conditions for the firm to undertake FDI. The last part gives the theoretical introduction to problem of Home Market Effects of FDI
4

LIBERALISM AND PEDOPHILIA

80%
Pospiszyl K.
Przegląd Humanistyczny
|
2005
|
vol. 49
|
issue 1(388)
125-129
EN
The intensity of the phenomenon of pedophilia is connected with growing liberalism in social life. Based on liberalism, numerous organizations gathering pedophiles, as well as vivid propaganda movement have appeared. They demand stopping 'the harassment' of justice and public opinion. Widely spreading Internet has multiplied the danger of pedophilia growth. However, liberal attitude causes rising initiatives to help pedophiles and offers necessary education of the society in the matter.
5

GROWTH, TRADED GOODS AND EXTERNAL DEBT BEFORE AND AFTER CAPITAL ACCOUNT LIBERALIZATION: CASE OF TURKEY

70%
Ciftcioglu S.
Ekonomický časopis (Journal of Economics)
|
2005
|
vol. 53
|
issue 8
834-848
EN
Most of the past empirical work has failed to detect any kind of strong positive relationship between capital account liberalization and economic growth, in contrast to what standard theory had predicted. Some researchers have argued that the increased frequency of financial crisis and the resulting macroeconomic instability is the main cost of capital account liberalization which may partly (or more than partly) offset its beneficial growth enhancing effects. In this paper, based on Turkish experience, we offer two additional mechanisms through which increased net capital inflows might exert negative impact on economic growth even when the years of deep financial crisis caused by capital reversals are not taken into account.
6

Problems of Integration Choice of Ukraine

70%
Kischak I. T., Slyusarenko A. V.
Mekhanizm Rehuluvannya Economiky
|
2016
|
vol. 2(72)
96-105
EN
In modern conditions of Ukrainian statehood and its economic potential development the question of European integration is rather relevant. The necessity for membership in the European Union (EU) depends on a number of qualitative factors, which provide the benefits of economic, social and political order. However, along with the dominance of opinions about the expediency of Ukraine's accession to the EU, the fact of the complexity of the process does not lose its relevance. It is updated in the light of differences of mentality, economic fundamentals and the list of imperatives from European countries, which, ultimately, are not stimulating in terms its development. So, the problem of European integration is relevant with its advantages and disadvantages that are worth investigating to identify strategic directions of the perspective Ukrainian state institutions development.
7

LIBERALIZÁCIA SEVEROATLANTICKEJ LETECKEJ DOPRAVY A HOSPODÁRSKA KRÍZA – REGRESNÁ ANALÝZA

70%
Grančay M.
Ekonomický časopis (Journal of Economics)
|
2012
|
vol. 60
|
issue 4
406 – 419
EN
The goal of the paper is to analyse impacts of the North Atlantic air transport liberalization on passenger flows, using regression analysis. The Open Skies agreement between USA and the EU, in effect since 2008, is currently the highest existing form of intercontinental air transport liberalization and is widely considered to be a vital breakthrough in the 60-year old fight to normalize the industry and subject it to the competitive powers of the market. Positive impacts of the Agreement have been largely outbalanced by the adverse effects of the global economic crisis – the number of North Atlantic passengers decreased by 1,8 million (7.3 per cent) from 2007 to 2009. Using linear regression models we come to the conclusion that had the Open Skies agreement not been signed, the decrease would have been by 3 million annual passengers more dramatic. As a result we claim that liberalization of air transportation has positive impact on the volume of traffic even in the times of crisis.
8

What can countries embarking on post-socialist transformation learn from the experiences so far?

70%
Kornai J.
Kozgazdasagi Szemle (Economic Review)
|
2004
|
vol. 51
|
issue 10
899-923
EN
The article, prepared at the request of an American university institute specializing in Cuban studies, asks what Cuba can learn from the Eastern European transformation when it eventually takes the post-communist path. The author broadens this into the enquiry outlined in the title. There is no universal prescription. The order and speed of tasks and specific methods employed depend on the country's specific situation. It would be a mistake to follow mechanically the path of any other country. However, there are common features in the approach to preparing the transformation programme. The strong political charge in any essential change must not be forgotten. It is illusory to expect tasks to be purely professional and 'politics-free'. The ethical aspects of the changes planned have to be conscientiously considered. The study analyses the experiences with representative democracy, creation of a state of law, privatization, price reform and liberalization, and reform of the welfare state. Finally, something is said about the responsibility of foreign advisers and norms of behaviour applicable to them.
9

DOBRÍ PREDKOVIA A DÉMONI - II

61%
Paštéková J.
Slovenská literatúra (Slovak Literature)
|
2014
|
vol. 61
|
issue 1
50 – 70
EN
The rapid changes of the ideological and cultural-political frameworks characterized the situation in Slovak arts in the 1950s. At the beginning of the decade it was the repressive way of the forging Socialist Realism, in the middle of it the liberalization stimulated by the Krushchev and at the end the restoration of the order, which was supported by the examinations of the party and civil loyalty in the year 1958. The period of time after the Hungarian and Poznan revolutions in 1956 featured an increase in censorship in Slovakia, which was related to the domestic political power struggle. The goal of the article is to reveal the inner tensions of the 1950s, to outline the power mechanisms of hindering the society liberalization and to vividly capture the contradictions of the situation in Slovakia in this particular period of time using the unpublished piece of writing Náš spoločný predok Kukučín /Our Common Ancestor Kukučín/ by Dominik Tatarka, seized in 1957 and discovered in an archive. The specific feature of the times was using the so called Burgeois Nationalist card. The study is built on archive research of the others and also it brings the author´s own. When reconstructing the transformation of Tatarka´s poetics from the hard core Socialist Realism doctrine to its softer versions, the author pays attention to the contemporary reflection of Tatarka´s works in the critical clashes with Alexander Matuška, the dominant figure of that period of time. As for prose, the initiation role was played by Tatarka´s travel book Človek na cestách (A Travelling Man, 1957), which was not spared from censorship either. The characteristics of the era necessarily include the life in Slovak literary institutions, the activity of the Institute of Literary Science, Slovak Academy of Sciences, as a tool of forging the desired form of the classic literary heritage, the publishing activities, and the activity of the Union of Czechoslovak writers. The study operates with some writings unknown until now and brings characteristics of the times and Tatarka´s work in a new context.
10

DOBRÍ PREDKOVIA A DÉMONI

61%
Paštéková J.
Slovenská literatúra (Slovak Literature)
|
2013
|
vol. 60
|
issue 6
508 – 527
EN
The rapid changes of the ideological and cultural-political frameworks characterized the situation in Slovak arts in the 1950s. At the beginning of the decade it was the repressive way of the forging Socialist Realism, in the middle of it the liberalization stimulated by the Krushchev and at the end the restoration of the order, which was supported by the examinations of the party and civil loyalty in the year 1958. The period of time after the Hungarian and Poznan revolutions in 1956 featured an increase in censorship in Slovakia, which was related to the domestic political power struggle. The goal of the article is to reveal the inner tensions of the 1950s, to outline the power mechanisms of hindering the society liberalization and to vividly capture the contradictions of the situation in Slovakia in this particular period of time using the unpublished piece of writing Náš spoločný predok Kukučín /Our Common Ancestor Kukučín/ by Dominik Tatarka, seized in 1957 and discovered in an archive. The specific feature of the times was using the so called Burgeois Nationalist card. The study is built on archive research of the others and also it brings the author´s own. When reconstructing the transformation of Tatarka´s poetics from the hard core Socialist Realism doctrine to its softer versions, the author pays attention to the contemporary reflection of Tatarka´s works in the critical clashes with Alexander Matuška, the dominant figure of that period of time. As for prose, the initiation role was played by Tatarka´s travel book Človek na cestách (A Travelling Man, 1957), which was not spared from censorship either. The characteristics of the era necessarily include the life in Slovak literary institutions, the activity of the Institute of Literary Science, Slovak Academy of Sciences, as a tool of forging the desired form of the classic literary heritage, the publishing activities, and the activity of the Union of Czechoslovak writers. The study operates with some writings unknown until now and brings characteristics of the times and Tatarka´s work in a new context.
11

LIBERALIZÁCIA SVETOVÉHO OBCHODU: VÝZNAM A ÚČINKY REGIONÁLNYCH DOHÔD (NA PRÍKLADE EURÓPSKEJ ÚNIE A KANADY)

51%
Ružeková V.
Ekonomický časopis (Journal of Economics)
|
2013
|
vol. 61
|
issue 9
963 – 982
EN
Deepening globalization of the world economy characterized by a growing volume of cross-border transactions of goods, services and capital, initiates an objective need for liberalization of international trade. Formation of preferential trading agreement, such as free trade agreements (FTAs), brings urgent need to assess and quantifies the effects of FTAs by General Equilibrium Model (CGE). CGE model was used to assess the effects of the upcoming Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement (CETA) between EU and Canada. The quantitative analysis estimates the potential economic effects of the full removal of tariffs on bilateral trade in goods, a partial reduction of the cost of non-tariff barriers on trade in goods, and a partial liberalization of bilateral trade in services. Canada and the EU launched negotiations for CETA in 2009, and have a target date of early 2012 for completing them.
12

SINGAPORE SINCE INDEPENDENCE: THE ROARING OF THE MOUSE

51%
Jean-Louis M.
Asia and Pacific Studies
|
2008
|
vol. 5
7-44
EN
Singapore got a new Prime Minister in August 2004 - only the third one since 1959, and incidentally the son of the first. The ruling People's Action Party appears to be as firmly in power as ever before. However, under that apparent immobility, significant changes have taken place. Many are the consequences of a tremendous economic growth, almost uninterrupted since 40 years, and of some of its momentous effects: affluence, higher education level, openness to the wide world. Liberalization has especially affected culture and private life. But difficult, fundamental issues remain unsolved, and worrying: ethnic equilibrium, ideological definition, regional insertion… Democratization, still in infancy, has not made any progress since 15 years, and Singapore has the dubious privilege to be the most prosperous of the world's authoritarian regimes. A detour through the history of the last half-century will allow a better understanding of such a paradoxical country.
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