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1

DAWN OF THE EARLY BRONZE AGE IN SOUTH-WEST ERN SLOVAKIA. A RE-EVALUATION OF THE SOCIAL STRUCTURE AND CHRONOLOGY OF VÝČAPY-OPATOVCE

100%
Wilkes F., Skorna H.
Slovenská archeológia (Slovak Archaeology)
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2022
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vol. 70
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issue 1
63 – 80
EN
This paper deals with the chronology and social structure of the Early Bronze Age cemetery of Výčapy-Opatovce (Slovakia/Nitra district). Six radiocarbon dates are presented for the Nitra culture cemetery, which date Výčapy-Opatovce to the very beginning of the Early Bronze Age (2300/2200 – 1500/1400 BCE), roughly contemporaneous with the first phases of the Branč cemetery (Nitra district). A small group of graves originally attributed to the Copper Age Ludanice group also seem to date at least partially to the Bronze Age. The results of the radiocarbon dating do not support a chronological division of the cemetery. Applying a burial index (Z-transformation), five grave clusters were identified within the cemetery. These concentrations of richly furnished graves are separated from each other by poor graves. Two of the clusters could be dated by the radiocarbon dates and demonstrated different areas at the burial ground were used at the same time. The authors conclude that in particular the chronological burial site model of Ch. Bernard, which she proposed in 2005 for Výčapy-Opatovce, should be rejected. The combination of the results of the analysis of the grave indices and radiocarbon dates for Výčapy-Opatovce argues for a division of the cemetery into social groups, as initially suggested by A. Točík.
2

RECENT COPPER AENEOLITHIC FINDS FROM SLOVAKIA (Neuere äneolithische Kupferfunde aus der Westslowakei)

86%
Pavuk J.
Slovenská archeológia (Slovak Archaeology)
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2010
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vol. 58
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issue 2
229-241
EN
The first stratified find of a copper dagger fragment excavated at the Ludanice-group settlement in Budmerice is presented in the article. Its shape and dimensions rank the dagger among those of the Bodrogkeresztur type, which use to be connected with the homonymous group settled in the Tisa basin. In addition to the one from Budmerice, more daggers from Aszod, Budapest-Rakoscsaba, Godolo, Pilisszanto and Banhida in Hungary can be added to the Ludanice group. The dagger was made of arsenical copper what made it different from those of pure copper that are typical of the Bodrogkeresztur group. Daggers of the Lengyel-culture Ludanice group are presupposed to be made at another copper production centre than the Bodrogkeresztur group. The settlement existed during the older phase of Ludanice group (Epilengyel/Lengyel IV), which was simultaneous with the Tiszapolgar group. Assuming this, the dagger from Budmerice is older than those of the Bodrogkeresztur group, which on the Ludanice group territory were replaced with the Male Levare-type daggers that belong to the horizon of Bajc-Retz pottery ornamented with grooved punctures. A hooked spiral of the Hlinsko type from an inhumation grave at Nitrianske Pravno-Vysehradne settlement increases the number of finding places with this adornment and together with spirals from a cave nearby Liskova it proves the settlement spreading toward mountainous regions of Slovakia in the horizon of pottery with grooved punctures.
3
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VYUŽÍVANIE JASKYNNÝCH PRIESTOROV V STARŠOM ENEOLITE NA PRÍKLADE JASKYNE CIGÁNKA II PRI RÁZTOČNE

86%
Horňák M., Kissová M., Barta P.
Študijné zvesti
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2020
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vol. 67
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issue 1
39 - 52
EN
The study deals with the analysis of pottery from the solitary finding from the cave Cigánka II near Ráztočno, localised in the mountain range Žiar in the western Slovakia. Ceramic material from this cave can be dated to the period of Ludanice Group of the Lengyel culture. The rests of carbonized food were localised in one of the vessels. It enabled examination of set of findings by scientific methods (radiocarbon dating, chemical analysis of lipids).
4

POCHOVÁVANIE NA SÍDLISKU LUDANICKEJ SKUPINY V NITRE-MLYNÁRCIACH

86%
Gabulová M., Kuzma I.
Slovenská archeológia (Slovak Archaeology)
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2015
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vol. 63
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issue 2
179 – 208
EN
The burials within a settlement area are a common phenome­non since the Neolithic, and they appear practically throughout the whole Prehistory. Until these days, no extramural cemeteries of the Ludanice group have been discovered; most burials comprise of human skeletons, or rather their parts, buried in separate graves or in settlement pits within the area of the settlement. Separate graves belong to individuals buried according to a certain rite, lying in crouched position either on the right or the left side, body orientations vary. In addition, these graves are not as richly equipped as those of contemporary Tiszapolgár or Bodrogkeresztúr cultures in the Tisa basin. The Ludanice group used to bury their dead in the settlement pits as well as in graves, both being considered a part of the Ludanice group burial rite. As regards the burials in the pits, human remains were buried either according to the burial rite or casually. As indicated by positions of the skeletons (on the back or on the front), absence of burial equipment, and perimortem and lethal injuries. No burial ceremony was probably performed in case of casually buried individuals.
5

ENEOLITICKÝ DEPOT Z BECKOVA A JEHO TRANSKARPATSKÉ INTERAKCIE

86%
Farkaš Z., Peška J., Ondrkál F.
Slovenská archeológia (Slovak Archaeology)
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2023
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vol. 71
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issue 1
1 - 23
EN
Early copper metallurgy in the western part of the Carpathians is insufficiently documented from a technological point of a view. The Early Chalcolithic copper hoard of Beckov-Zbojnícky vrch (ca. 4100 – 3900 BC) suddenly becomes visible in the eyes of archaeologists as a selective prototype of an individual’s personal equipment and speaks to the autonomous and distinctive development of metallurgy of the Ludanice group in western Slovakia. The standardized inventory replicates the composition of the White Carpathian hoard of Slavkov, thus displaying a strict syntax in the expression of male identity through material objects, and indicating that their owners formed a coherent social group characterized by a common identity, behaviour and lifestyle. The spectrometric signals presented here add new insight into the understanding of early systems of copper acquisition, distribution and consumption, which increasingly require renewed attention, this time with the help of the latest archaeometric techniques and knowledge. The variable composition of the artefacts and the apparent failure to exploit the hardening potential of as underline the early character of this Sb-copper-based metallurgy, which appears to have satisfied consumers’ needs during the late 5th millennium BC.
6

OSÍDLENIE JASKYNE DZERAVÁ SKALA V OBDOBÍ EPILENGYELSKÉHO KULTÚRNEHO OKRUHU

72%
Farkaš Z.
Slovenská archeológia (Slovak Archaeology)
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2013
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vol. 61
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issue 1
21 – 91
EN
Approximately 26 m deep and 10 m high cavity of the Dzeravá skala cave, situated in Plavecký Mikuláš in the Low Carpathians´ Plavecký kras in western Slovakia, has ranked among significant Palaeolithic sites of thea central European importance already since the beginning of the 20th century. However, all of the archaeological explorations carried out so far have not brought any important knowledge concerning also the post-palaeological settlement, especially in the period of the late Lengyel culture. The north-eastern corner of the cave, irregularly modelled through erosion, as well as the cave corridor with sinter decoration intentionally closed already during the Eneolithic. The opening to the underground was laid over by a massive stone and partially also by a flat stone board. The outlet corridor itled originally to the surface on the bottom of the 1/C object, which was of an irregular shape, from three sides adapted to the curving of stone walls. From the west, the only side open to the cave, the pit was bounded three times by an edge bent almost to the right angle, bordered by three column pits and marked traces of burnt wood. From the filling mixed with a large amount of stones there were collected 1876 fragments of ceramics, 10 fragments of copper objects, an unfinished stone polished instrument, fragments of partially burnt or burnt animal bones, and 9 bone and horn instruments. The typological scale of pottery products is characteristic, first of all, for the Ludanice group (Lengyel IV boverlapping to Lengyel IVc), with marked influences from the circle of the Jordanów group, the Bisamberg-Oberpullendorf group, or the Balaton I-Lasinja culture. All metal objects were in a fragmentary state, often with marked traces after breaking or other violent division of the original wholes. Most of them may be classified as garrniture or parts of clothing. So far the only copper object belonging to work instruments or weapons is a flat blade with saddle-shaped bent back. The discovery situation and fund make it possible to assume a unique, perhaps “sacral” function resulting from a tradition of cult pit “thankful” or “bidding” presents for the “representatives of higher power”.
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