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1

KRAJ EMIGRACJI I KRAJ IMIGRACJI: WCZESNY PARADOKS LUKSEMBURGA (DO 1914 R.)

100%

Walaszek A.

Studia Migracyjne - Przegląd Polonijny

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2013

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vol. 39

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issue 4(150)

5-18

EN

In the modern period, Luxembourg used to be one of those countries which traditionally sent out emigrants to various parts of the world (Europe, South and North America). A very high percentage of the population had been leaving the country. As of the 1880s the southern part of the Grand Duchy became a part of an industrial zone covering Lorraine and the Saar Basin where the heavy industry was developed – ore mines, steel mills, iron foundries. At that time the region attracted immigrants from the territory of Luxembourg and, increasingly often, also form other countries – Germany, Italy, France, Belgium. Nevertheless emigration from Luxembourg continued. Thus, at the turn of the century the country which produced a sixth of the worlds pig iron remained a land of emigration. A complete explanation of this paradox requires in-depth studies on the economy of the region. This should lead to answering a more basic question: when and under what circumstances did traditional migrant sending countries start to receive them? This article recalls basic facts and statistical data and presents the tendencies dominant at the time.

2

ČESKÉ KRÁLOVSTVÍ A ANGLIE V DOBĚ LUCEMBURKŮ

86%

Kuthan J.

ARS

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2018

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vol. 51

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issue 1-2

3 – 17

EN

Royal representations by the means of architecture and art as developed in England in the era of Richard II and Anne of Bohemia were in the last third of the 14th century the most remarkable phenomenon of its kind. It is possible to identify an echo of Prague art in English milieu – for example in the illumination of the Codex Liber Regalis (Westminster Abbey, London MS 38). Relations between England and Bohemia were also reflected in a lively reception of John Wycliffe, an English theologian and thinker. Similarities in English architecture and the work of Prague-based Peter Parler led to speculations about the possibility of Parler’s inspiration by English Gothic – and if so, whether this inspiration was mediated by drawings or whether Parler saw some of the English Gothic buildings himself before coming to Prague. The distance between Prague and London is not short, yet it is possible to identify numerous connections between architecture and other arts in the Kingdom of Bohemia and England throughout the 13th and especially 14th century.

3

Repatriacja Polaków z Luksemburga po II wojnie światowej

72%

Banaś K.

Studia Migracyjne - Przegląd Polonijny

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2018

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vol. 44

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issue 1 (167)

101–115

PL

Pierwsze grupy Polaków znalazły się w Luksemburgu już pod koniec XIX w. Po I wojnie światowej państwo to było celem emigracji zarobkowej Polonii westfalsko-nadreńskiej. W latach 30. XX w. do Luksemburga udawali się również Polacy z kraju, gdzie na miejscu dostawali zatrudnienie w rolnictwie lub rzadziej w górnictwie. W czasach II wojny światowej liczba Polonii luksemburskiej poważnie spadła. Pojawiła się jednak niewielka grupa robotników przymusowych, skierowanych do pracy przez Niemców. Po zakończeniu wojny, europejskie rządy przystąpiły do akcji repatriacyjnej swych obywateli. Z inicjatywą wystąpiły władze Luksemburga, które zaproponowały Warszawie układ o wzajemnej repatriacji. Takowy został podpisany 24 VIII 1945 r. W powrocie do Polski zainteresowani byli głównie robotnicy przymusowi oraz „dipisi”. Grupy te borykały się z niezwykle trudną sytuacją socjalno-bytową. Stara przedwojenna emigracja zarobkowa zdążyła się już wtopić w otoczenie. Mimo słabej organizacji aparatu repatriacyjnego ze strony władz warszawskich, do Polski repatriowało się co najmniej 334 Polaków, głównie przez Belgię.

EN

The first waves of Polish emigrants arrived in Luxembourg at the end of 19th century. After the end of the First World War this country had become a destination of economic migration for Polish people living in the Rhine-Westphalia region. In the 1930s Poles were also leaving their country and heading for Luxembourg. There they were often employed in the agricultural sector and less commonly in the mining industry. During the Second World War the amount of Polish people in Luxembourg considerably decreased. However, there also appeared a small group of civilians who had previously been subject to forced labor for Germans. After the end of the war European governments started the process of repatriation of their citizens. The Luxembourg Authorities initiated the creation of a mutual agreement with Poland on the subject of repatriation. This document was signed on 24th of August 1945. Forced workers and ‘DPs’ were mostly interested in coming back to Poland. These groups were struggling with a deeply diffi cult social-economic situation. The previous migration wave which had appeared before the Second World War had already assimilated into the local society. Despite the poor organization of the repatriation machinery of the Polish Government, there were at least 334 people who successfully repatriated to Poland, usually through Belgium.

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2 Studia Migracyjne - Przegląd Polonijny

1 ARS

2 2018

1 2013

1 Banaś K.

1 Kuthan J.

1 Walaszek A.

KRAJ EMIGRACJI I KRAJ IMIGRACJI: WCZESNY PARADOKS LUKSEMBURGA (DO 1914 R.)

ČESKÉ KRÁLOVSTVÍ A ANGLIE V DOBĚ LUCEMBURKŮ

Repatriacja Polaków z Luksemburga po II wojnie światowej