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EN
The text type testament is not necessarily associated with the factor ‚emotionality‘, even though the subject it is based on is highly emotionally charged for testators and descendants alike. The texts produced for this purpose are primarily legal documents. Their most important issue is the creation of legal validity. The extent to which emotions can be found in the texts is examined on the basis of a corpus of count testaments from the 16th and 17th centuries.
EN
Recent years have witnessed a revival of interest in form-focused instruction in foreign language pedagogy and there is a growing realization that a certain degree of emphasis on formal aspects of the target language is necessary if learners are to achieve high levels of accuracy (e.g. Doughty and Williams 1998; Ellis 2001). In the view of second language theorists and researchers, one of the ways in which this kind of emphasis can most profitably be accomplished is by drawing students' attention to linguistic forms as they are engaged in primarily meaning-focused activities (cf. Long and Robinson 1998). Such a dual focus on form and meaning can, for example, result from the provision of explicit or implicit negative feedback targeting the forms that turn out to be problematic. The paper will discuss the findings of a research project which investigated the feasibility of integrating form and meaning during naturally occurring secondary school English lessons. Thirty 45-minute lessons were tape-recorded, parts of the lessons which were largely communicative in nature were identified and transcribed, and the exchanges with a dual focus of the kind described above were pinpointed and subjected to qualitative analysis. The analysis showed that it is in fact possible to integrate form and meaning during communication-focused activities, that focus on form of that kind can be used to address not only grammatical problems but also those related to lexis and phonology, and that it may be beneficial for the learners' interlanguage development.
PL
Language is considered a social phenomenon because all human beings communicate with their respective speech communities using the language of their own. Putnam’s theory of meaning combines such ingredients as the individual language experience world and social practice, all of which are ignored or downplayed by traditional theorizing about meaning. This article outlines some important aspects of Putnam’s idea and tries to answer the question of whether the stereotype semantics can solve the problem of meaning.
EN
Telecollaboration seems to be a present emerging practice in education. In this sense, telecollaboration is wide and covers several areas of work and study, and it can also concern hybrid ones. This research focuses on developing learners’ digital competence, English language skills for professional purposes, and knowledge on recycling matters through a telecollaborative project work. The framework for this study is based on Spiers and Bartlett’s (2012) model on developing language, content, and digital skills, and it also focuses on the taxonomy of communication acts in professional contexts introduced by Lehman and DuFrene (2013). Students had to work collaboratively in groups of four students, from two different institutions and countries, and create a blog on the topic of recycling matters, analyzing the current problems and offering possible solutions. Students were tested before and after the project in order to measure their progress within the different areas of study. Results showed that this telecollaborative project work was potentially beneficial; the experimental group performed better in all the areas tested after this project. In conclusion, it seems that telecollaboration projects helped develop the target skills in this research following an integrated learning approach.
EN
In history, philosophy, language, and literature have been a propelling force towards achieving a distinctive cul-ture in human civilization. We are therefore reminded that philosophy, language, and literature have a great deal of educational tenet, especially in the African world view. To foster holistic values in line with education, this study investigates that philosophy; language and literature have been in the transformation of armchair theoriza-tion of various disciplines into a pragmatic solution for our contemporary challenges. Using evaluative approach, this study opens up the fact that philosophy, language, and literature is not really a single filed of disciplines but rather a catchall for a number of problems whose scope and significance are so broad that they seem to have im-plication for virtually every other sphere of human endeavors. Philosophy, Africa, Language, Literature, and Education Z perspektywy historii, filozofia, język i literatura stanowią siłę napędową w kierunku osiągnięcia wysokiego poziomu kultury ludzkiej cywilizacji. Filozofia, język i literatura mają wiele dogmatów edukacyjnych, szczególnie w świetle perspektywy afrykańskiej. W celu promowania wartości holistycznych zgodnie z edukacją, w niniejszym artykule zbadano czy filozofia, język i literatura wpływają na pragmatyczne rozwiązanie współczesnych wyzwań. Wykorzystując podejście ewaluacyjne, niniejsze badanie ujawnia fakt, że filozofia, język i literatura nie są tak naprawdę zbiorem dyscyplin, ale raczej zaporą dla wielu problemów, których zakres i znaczenie są tak szerokie, że wydają się mieć wpływ na praktycznie każdą sferę ludzkiego życia. filozofia, Afryka, język, literatura i edukacja
EN
The interview was conducted during the Megatrends and Media 2018 – Reality and Media Bubbles conference organised by the Faculty of Mass Media Communication at the University of SS. Cyril and Methodius in Trnava in April 2018 as the professor was one of the main plenary speakers at the conference. The interview focuses on the language of new media, and the Internet in particular, and the use of technologies from the professor’s point of view. It deals with ongoing simplification and liberalisation trends in society and language as well as with the development within linguistics characterised by the shift from prescriptivism to descriptivism and their possible reflection in the new media and in education. It introduces the tendencies of intertextuality and informalisation that are typical for the language of the media today.
EN
Feminist theology of liberation, which aims to revise traditional theology with regard to the demytisation of the role and position of women, along with an accent on women's experience and spirituality, focuses its attention especially on the construction of Godhead and the ways in which God and God speak. On the background of the deconstruction of the idea of sinful humanity and the transformation of the relationship between man and God to a reciprocal and affectionate relationship, he further delimits the understanding of God as a sovereign, independent ruler and returns it back to the context of creation. The Emancipatory Appeal and Declaration of Gender Equality also promotes feminist theology of liberation through an ambivalent approach to the Bible, by questioning the traditional metaphor of God as a father, especially for patriarchal connotations. Instead of an androcentric language, she uses inclusive language, appealing to God as a mother, a girlfriend, light, but who abstracts the human aspect of God and as a result puts "paternity" into a network of pejorative prejudices. Starting from linguistic aporia, the mystical language can be seen in Dorothee Sölle's arguments, which draws attention not only to the unspeakableness of the experience of God, but also to the limitations of human speech, where the only way to speak of God is silence and conscious silence. Mgr. Kateřina Majerová
8
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EDITORIAL

88%
EN
This is an introductory piece that sets up the scene for a special issue of Society Register dedicated to Language, Discourse and Society. It aims to briefly discuss the context, the aims of the issue and the content of accepted articles. The articles included in this issue were first presented at the ISA RC 25 Mid-term Conference in Warsaw. The conference took place at the Maria Grzegorzewska University in September 2019 with the support of Polish Ministry of Science and Higher Education, the Polish Commission for UNESCO, ISA RC 25, ISA RC 32 and the UNESCO Janusz Korczak Chair in Social Pedagogy.
EN
Stanislaw Lem is one of the most famous figures of the Polish science fiction in post-world war two Europe. Solaris. His most famous novel, was published in 1961, and was adapted twice for the big screen, first in 1971 by Andrej Tarkovski, and in 2002 by Steven Soderbergh. The plot revolves around the psychologist Kris Kelvin, who is sent on the planet Solaris to try to find out if it is possible to communicate with the alien ocean that covers almost all of its surface. Confronted with a strange phenomenon and colleagues turned paranoid, Kelvin tries at first to understand what is going on at the space station. The unexplained arrival of the döppleganger of his ex-partner, Harey, will little by little make him accept the absurdity of his task and possibly of life itself. As Lem himself refused any final interpretation of his novel, there has of course been a flourish of them. One can however choose this exegetic impossibility as a major theme in the novel, and reflect on the implications of the situation Kelvin faces, caught between a desire to understand the nature of Solaris’s ocean and the sheer failure of doing so. In this essay, we will try to suggest that, by showing the limits of language as the means to express a satisfying epistemic frame, Lem’s parabol could be seen as an attempt to show the reader the existential limits of our anthropocentrism and scientific hubris.
EN
The use of language to construct and drive societal and professional approaches to intellectual and developmental disabilities have undergone significant change across the 20th and into the 21st century throughout Europe. The changes in political, professional and colloquial language reflect increasingly inclusive practices and recognition of human rights based approached to people with IDD internationally.
EN
It is undeniably true that local languages will be preserved if they are respected, used, and inherited to the next generations. They should be used in the family and community so that children do not avoid or become unfamiliar with their vernaculars. This study explored the attitudes of Acehnese young families toward Acehnese language, and further investigating their efforts in maintaining and passing the local language to their children. Twelve Acehnese couples (young parents) residing in Banda Aceh, Indonesia, were interviewed to obtain data. They were chosen on purpose because their first languages had to meet the study’s criteria: (a) Acehnese-speaking parents, (b) Acehnese-speaking fathers and Indonesian-speaking mothers, (c) Indonesian-speaking fathers and Acehnese-speaking mothers; (d) Indonesian-speaking parents, (e) Acehnese-speaking fathers and other ethnic language-speaking mothers; as well as (f) other ethnic language-speaking fathers and Acehnese-speaking mothers. The data were then transcribed and identified for the key points, patterns, or themes in accordance with the attitudes of Acehnese young parents toward Acehnese language. The findings show that the Acehnese language was highly valued for being the heritage language, connecting people within and outside of families, expressing emotions, and requiring promotion despite its low popularity. Although a majority of parents in this study saw the Acehnese language as important for expressing their Acehnese identity and were aware of its values, they failed to pass the language on to their children. Out of the twelve families, only one family succeeded in passing on and maintaining Acehnese to their children. Nevertheless, language maintenance in the home works if parental practical efforts are made by providing their children with linguistic resources, and most important of all, using the local language in interactions with them.
EN
Gender is ever present in our conversation. It is used to explain everything and is embedded in our institutions, our actions, thoughts and beliefs. In this research, we set out to establish the linguistic strategies employed by the male and female members of the Kenya National Assembly to drive their agenda and to achieve successful communication. This research sets out to establish assembly members’ manner of speaking and general adherence to speaking norms on the assembly floor. Under such a background, the study examined language and gender in the Kenya National Assembly. The research questions were: what are the linguistic strategies employed by speakers on the assembly floor based on their gender? How do members react to the gendered linguistic strategies? The study employed the Politeness Theory. The data was collected from four randomly selected sessions in the 12th Parliament- also referred to as National Assembly. The analysis of data adopted a quantitative and qualitative approach. Audio-visual recordings from the National Assembly were transcribed for analysis. In this process, selective transcription was used for the purpose of the research. Analysis of the linguistic items was done. The study established that members of the National Assembly used the following linguistic strategies: being direct, being assertive, use of metaphors, were ironic among others. It was observed that most of the members reacted in the following ways: cooperation, showing understanding, among others.
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2008
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vol. 13
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issue 1
83-101
EN
The author identifies selected implicit or not fully explicit assumptions made by Noam Chomsky in his theory of language. Through a careful examination of Chomsky's work, she aims to present the solutions this linguist proposes with respect to two fundamental questions: the question of methodology and the question of the ontological status of language. After reviewing the central theses of Chomsky's theory in the first part of the paper, she turns to the question that is mentioned in the title of this paper, that is, the reservations regarding the assumptions underlying Chomsky's work.
EN
The purpose of this paper is to describe the theory of embodied cognition, embed it in broader philosophical framework, and induct its potential contribution to educational sciences. Text progresses from clarifying the concept of embodiment, its rigins in phenomenology (M. Merleau-Ponty) and use in cultural anthropology (T. J. Csordas). In the next section, we elaborate on the philosophical framework which had an impact on the theory of embodied cognition and suppression of the dualistic view of mind and body; we clarify aspects of embodiment complementing the image of embodiment. As part of the description of the contribution of the embodied cognition to educational sciences we focus on two areas: language and mathematics, which are considered to be largely cognitive and abstract concepts separate from the body. It has been shown that the theory of embodied cognition does not sufficiently explain what the body actually is, and what kind of body is discussed here. It follows from this that in both of the areas (language and mathematics) a particularly important aspect for the process of understanding abstract systems and learning is the research on and the importance of gestures and physical experience. We found that the asset of embodied cognition for educational sciences lies in the orientation toward bodily action, activity and impact of physical environment and bodily experience on cognition, which facilitate the learning process.
EN
Alice Walker’s The Color Purple dramatizes African American women’s plight through the experience of a black girl, Celie, caught in the turmoil of the patriarchal system of her community. Leaning on the epistolary form and also choosing to address the black woman’s oppression first within the black community itself, the author detaches herself from the mainstream African American literary tradition to create a personal style. One of the characteristic traits of the novel is language as a communicative tool in the characters’ interrelation. In the narrative, this tool is mostly used to oppress the female protagonists, demonstrating thus its violent aspect. But sometimes, even though very rarely in the novel, it helps the oppressed subject to claim a voice. Finally, the epistolary form serves to create more emotion in the readers and consequently produces more reaction in them.
16
Content available remote

Jazyk, literatura a region

75%
HR
Izvještaj s međunarodnog znanstvenog skupa "Jezik i književnost u regiji" koji je bio održan od 6. do 7. rujna 2011. godine u organizaciji Odsjeka za slavistiku, Katedre za češki jezik i književnost na Sveučilištu J.E. Purkyne u Ustiju nad Labom, gradu na sjeveru Češke.
EN
A report from an international conference " Language and Literature in the region," which was held on 6th to 7th September 2011. It was organized by the Department of Slavic Studies , Department of Czech language and literature at the University of JE Purkyne in Usti nad Labem , a town in northern Czech Republic.
EN
Starting with the 1970s almost every large town has been opening a museum with a collection of modern art. Problems of collecting, describing and rendering available museum exhibits have turned into essential questions of contemporary museology. During the last several decades art has undergone parallel enormous changes and the place of such traditional forms of artistic expression as a painting or a sculpture has been taken by works whose medium is an installation, often large-scale and composed of a great assortment of material, or an audio-visual recording. Mean-while, methods of describing an artwork and defining the technique of execution and used material remain the same as a hundred years ago. Taking into account works representing an entirely novel technique all traditional descriptions, records of sizes, and applied vocabulary and conceits no longer pass the test. Another problem involves systems of collection digitisation, created without consultation with museum experts on current art. Such systems, diverse and used in numerous museums, are constantly being prepared for recording works executed with traditional means, and even old art. Every author of a system is setting up dictionaries enabling a description of a given artwork, and even such important questions as choosing a dictionary of keywords remain an arbitrary decision of each institution. The harmonization of terminology and jointly conceived divisions concerning the manner of describing, storing and exhibiting works of art as well as their conservation/reconstruction, and the problem of copies and original versions in the case of films signify an enormous domain of tasks that custodians and conservators concerned with contemporary art well be forced to carry out in the nearest future. Otherwise, there will emerge instruments totally incompatible vis a vis existing needs and, sitll worse, not cohesive even within the range of a single language.
PL
Od lat 70. ubiegłego w. prawie w każdym większym mieście powstają muzea, tworzące kolekcje sztuki współczesnej. Problemy kolekcjonowania, opisywania i udostępniania muzealiów stały się istotnymi zagadnieniami współczesnego muzealnictwa. Równocześnie w ciągu ostatnich kilkudziesięciu lat sztuka przeszła ogromne zmiany, w miejsce tradycyjnych form wypowiedzi artystycznej, jak obraz czy rzeźba, powstają dzieła, gdzie medium jest instalacja, często wielkogabarytowa i z bardzo różnorodnych materiałów, czy nagranie audiowizualne. Natomiast metody opisu dzieł, opracowywania dokumentacji, określanie techniki wykonania i użytych materiałów pozostają takie, jak 100 lat temu. Biorąc pod uwagę dzieła o zupełnie nowatorskiej technice wykonania tradycyjne metody opisu, zapis wymiarów, używane słowniki i pojęcia całkowicie się nie sprawdzają. Problemem są również tworzone bez konsultacji z muzealnikami zajmującymi się sztuką aktualną systemy digitalizacji zbiorów. Systemy te, różne i działające w wielu muzeach, są ciągle przygotowane do wpisywania dzieł wykonanych w tradycyjnych mediach, a właściwie nawet dzieł sztuki dawnej. Słowniki pozwalające opisać pracę każdy właściciel systemu tworzy sam i choćby tak istotna kwestia, jak słownik słów kluczowych jest dowolnym wyborem każdej instytucji. Ujednolicenie słownictwa i wspólnie wypracowane decyzje, dotyczące sposobu opisywania, przechowywania, eksponowania i konserwacji / rekonstrukcji dzieł sztuki, zagadnienia kopii i oryginału w przypadku filmów, to ogromne pole do pracy, którą w najbliższym czasie muszą wykonać kustosze i konserwatorzy, zajmujący się sztuką współczesną. W innym wypadku powstaną narzędzia zupełnie nieprzystające do potrzeb, a co gorsza, niespójne nawet w obrębie jednego języka.
EN
The question of the language of the parish during Early Modern times is a canonic problem, not only in Bohemia. The Prague chapter initiated an inquiry about the language used in the parishes in 1675 during the vacancy of the archiepiscopal see. This inquiry is a result of the modernization of administration. The details of the answers are perhaps more interesting than the global results. Although there are a number of gaps, the answers allow us to draw a more precise map of the language situation in the archdiocese, to identify not only the Germanisation movement after the Thirty Years War, but also the healthy condition of the Czech language, more perennial than it is sometimes written. I think that this is one of the reasons for the serenity of the clergymen when they write: the linguistic question is a practical issue, not a problematic one. In the mixed parishes, solutions were found based on local possibilities. Here and everywhere, language is a technical issue, and not a fundamental issue of patriotism. For clergymen who knew theology, love for their homeland was a moral obligation, not to the benefit of a linguistic community, but of a political community assimilated to a land. This is perhaps an important argument for the peaceful tone, perhaps illusory, but in any case interesting, for our answers of 1675.
PL
Zdolność języka do pełnego uchwycenia ludzkiego doświadczenia lub objęcia nieograniczonej natury została zakwestionowana przed 1900 rokiem. W „Liście lorda Chandosa” Hugo von Hofmannsthala pisarz Lord Chandos dręczy się brakiem głębi języka, starając się myśleć „w bardziej bezpośredni sposób, bardziej płynny, jaśniejszy niż słowa”. Od tego czasu era cyfrowa przyniosła takie uproszczenie języka – z akronimami, emotikonami, rozmowami online i zwiększoną zależnością od obrazów – które bez całkowitego zrzeczenia się języka, nieumyślnie przenosi ludzkość w kierunku pewnego rodzaju cichego istnienia. Czy jest to znak apokalipsy języka, akceptacja jego nieadekwatności, czy tylko faza transformacyjna?
EN
The ability of language to fully capture the human experience or encompass nature’s limitlessness has been questioned since before the 1900’s. “O nature, and O soul of man! how far beyond all utterance are your linked analogies” writes Herman Melville in 1851’s Moby Dick. In Hugo von Hofmannsthal’s The Letter of Lord Chandos, the former writer Lord Chandos agonizes over language’s lack of profundity, seeking to think “in a medium more immediate, more liquid, more glowing than words.” Lord Chandos indeed describes a future “with a language that is no language and that, until this language is found, the only possibility is silence” (Richard Sheppard, Modernism: A Guide to European Literature), echoing Ludwig Wittgenstein’s words: “what can be said at all can be said clearly, and what we cannot talk about we must pass over in silence”. Since then, the digital age has brought on such a simplification of language – with acronyms, emoticons, chatting, and an increased reliance on images – that without entirely relinquishing language, is unintentionally moving humanity towards a kind of silent existence. Is this a sign of the apocalypse of language, an acceptance of its inadequacy or merely a transformational phase? In Invisible Cities, Italo Calvino attributes the undoing of language to the cyclical nature of communication, as Marco Polo and Kublai Khan shift from simplistic gestures to descriptive language and vice versa, failures of one leading to the reintroduction of the other. As contemporary art and cinema illustrate (specifically Jean Luc-Godard’s recent film Goodbye to Language as well as the works of modern artists like Milosz Odobrovic, among others) we find ourselves confronting the failures of language but not yet equipped to fathom a world without it.
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