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1

Bronze Tripartite Belt Hooks from Pomerania as Proof of Cultural Connections in the Late Pre-Roman and Roman Period

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Strobin A.

Wiadomości Archeologiczne

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2019

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vol. LXX

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issue 70

3-42

EN

Tripartite bronze belt hooks of type Kostrzewski III are indicators of female attire in the Late Pre-Roman Period in Pomerania. Here, belt hooks from 31 sites have been collected, all of them related to the Oksywie or Wielbark Cultures, or to the Oder Group of the Jastorf Culture. Finds from outside of Pomerania are also included as comparative objects. The most common form of such belt hooks in Pomerania was type IIIb, being in use from phase A2 of the Late Pre-Roman Period. Roughly at the same time, these belt hooks appeared in Brandenburg. Belt hooks of type IIIa are somewhat older, while belt hooks of type IIIc are younger, as they were in use from phase A3 up to phase B2 of the Roman Period. Chronology of the artefacts, indicates that Pre-Roman traditions persisted in the Roman Period, even though belt buckles had been already introduced.

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Osada z młodszego okresu przedrzymskiego i okresu rzymskiego w Strzyżowie, pow. hrubieszowski, w świetle badań z lat 1935-1937 i 1939

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Prochowicz R.

Wiadomości Archeologiczne

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2006

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vol. LVIII

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issue 58

265-281

EN

The first discoveries near the sugar-mill at Strzyżów (distr. Hrubieszów) were made in 1923. During several seasons of excavation (1935–37, 1939, 1952, 1958, 1961–63) the complex of sites at this location (Fig. 1) produced an exceptionally large quantity of materials, dating from the Neolithic through to the Medieval period, in the form of several score kilograms of ceramics as well as around a hundred metal, bone, antler and stone objects. The materials held at present by the State Archaeological Museum in Warsaw (PMA) and the Lublin Dept. of the National Centre for Historical Monument Studies and Documentation, was never analysed or published in full. The present article is concerned only with materials from the pre-1939 research by Zofia Podkowińska, now in keeping of the Iron Age Department, PMA. Pottery finds from pit 2 and a part of stray ceramics have been dated to phase A2 of the Late Pre-Roman Period and classified as type ‘Werbkowice’. The following vessel forms are represented: type I (Figs. 4:7, 5:15, 6:3), II (Fig. 6:5.7), IV (Figs. 4:2.9, 5:4.9, 6:8), V.1 (Fig. 3:1.2), V.3 (Fig. 5:1. 5.11), V.6 (Fig. 5:18) and VI (Figs. 5:6, 6:1) acc. to the classification system developed for pottery from Werbkowice-Kotorów (T. Liana, T. Piętka-Dąbrowska 1962, p. 157–158; T. Dąbrowska, T. Liana 1963, p. 56–58). The site close to the sugar-mill at Strzyżów also produced fragments of Przeworsk Culture pottery from the Late Pre-Roman Period (Fig. 4:5) and Early Roman Period (Figs. 2:1, 3:7, 4:1.8). Also identified – for the first time with regard to the materials from Strzyżów – was the presence of Wielbark Culture finds from the Late Roman Period (Fig. 3:3.5). One of the more notable Wielbark finds is an incomplete bowl, type VIA (Fig. 2:6), which is ornamented above shoulder with an wide engraved band of ornament of at least three groups of patterns alternating with ‘separator’ motifs (Fig. 2:6a).

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Cmentarzysko kultury przeworskiej z młodszego okresu przedrzymskiego w Suchodole, pow. sochaczewski

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Maciałowicz A.

Wiadomości Archeologiczne

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2006

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vol. LVIII

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issue 58

283-369

EN

The locality Suchodół (comm. Iłów, distr. Sochaczew, woj. mazowieckie) lies on the left bank of the Vistula river. Site 1 occupies a small elevation among the fields in the eastern part of the village (Fig. 1). In 1964 the State Archaeological Museum in Warsaw received information that urned graves and pits containing a burnt layer were being discovered in the area of Suchodół. The next year the site was excavated by H. Różańska, followed in 1980–1983 by A. J. Tomaszewski. Of 170 features documented at the site Przeworsk Culture was represented by 144 graves and assorted features, Pomeranian Culture by 8 burials. Bronze Age occupation was evidenced by 10 pits and finally, 8 obscure features produced contained no finds at all (Fig. 2). Excavation results from Suchodół were published to a limited extent with only the first season of investigation recorded in a longer report, the later seasons described in short notes; all Bronze Age finds and a small number of Przeworsk Culture finds were published (H. Różańska 1968; 1970; A. J. Tomaszewski 1981; 1982; 1983; 1984; 1997; A. Maciałowicz 2004). Przeworsk Culture features clustered in a narrow strip of ground ca 75 m in length, at the foot of a small elevation (Fig. 3). There were 140 cremation graves or cenotaphs and 4 hearths (?) found in SW area of the cemetery (nos. 4, 19, 22, 31). Typically the graves contained a very small quantity of very finely fragmented bones; only the somewhat better preserved material from graves 5 and 6 was analysed and found to be adult burials (grave 6 containing also fine bones from probably a juvenile individual). Most features were pit graves but graves 20 and 164 bear some resemblance to urned burials: each contained a pottery mug which, subsequent to deposition in the pit, was filled with cremated matter which was also spread around the vessel. The typical grave inventory consisted of potsherds from 1 to 7 vessels; 19 graves additionally contained an isolated iron brooch, intact or in fragments (grave 8 produced a pair). An exceptional item, discovered next to pottery vessels in grave 139, was a clay spindlewhorl. Mugs, definitely the most frequent vessel form, occurred in almost every grave. Relatively often (unlike other vessel types) at least one mug in each grave survived intact or largely intact, suggesting indicating significance of these items during the funerary rite. In some graves (nos. 17, 27, 40, 82, 83, 147) the mug rested in a position – upright or inverted – suggesting intentional arrangement; in two graves (nos. 20, 164) the mug was used as a quasi-urn. In 31 graves (25%) pottery was represented by a single vessel, nearly always a mug. These graves clustered mainly in the NE part of the cemetery (Fig. 8). Feature 23, containing a mug and bowl, and feature 119a, which produced a cracked mug, did not contain any trace of bone and have been interpreted as symbolic graves (cenotaphs). The decided majority of vessels are forms typical for the first ceramic phase in Przeworsk Culture; vessels with rims diagnostic of a later style are very infrequent (eg 2/3, 7/1.2, 166/1). More rare vessel forms included a bowl with a drooping handle (98/2), and a bowl with conical sides and a nearly punctiform base (59/2). Their presence may be liked with the so-called Bastarni Route (A. Maciałowicz 2004). Grave 63 produced a large mug (?) of a form typical for Przeworsk Culture vessels but decorated with comb-hatched ornament (63/1). A small number of similarly ornamented but – usually – much larger vessels recorded in Przeworsk Culture assemblages are interpreted as imitations of Celtic pottery, mainly graphite situlae (T. Dąbrowska 1988, p. 129–130, map 15:4). The mug from Suchodół, despite its different form, is most probably an expression of southern influence, presumably from Małopolska. A miniature footed cup (120/4) and a bowl of similar form (2/3), are forms which by their distribution testify to exchange between different communities of Przeworsk Culture settled on the middle Vistula (Z. Woźniak 1994, p. 134; T. Dąbrowska 1997, p. 103; 2001, p. 31–32). The main brooch form is type H (11 specimens), considered a female ornament (cf eg R. Hachmann 1961, p. 80, note 339; Th. Völling 1995, p. 162), although in Przeworsk Culture such specimens have occurred also in juvenile burials. Other brooch forms include types C and K, and a specimen similar to type F repaired during antiquity recovered from grave 37 (Fig. 5a). The latter is an exceptional form, although a similar specimen is known also from the cemetery of Oksywie Culture at Pruszcz Gdański, distr. Pruszcz Gdański (pow. gdański) site 4, grave 41 (Fig. 5b; D. Bohnsack 1938, p. 12, fig. 4:1). Type F brooches are known in Poland mainly from assemblages of Oksywie Culture; a limited number is also recorded in SW zone of Przeworsk Culture neighbouring the Gubin Group of Jastorf Culture, whose population probably acted as intermediaries in passing this brooch form on to Silesia and south Wielkopolska (Fig. 6). As the gravefield at Suchodół lies at some distance from the territory of Gubin Group settlement the brooch from grave 37 more probably documents the existence of exchange with Oksywie Culture people residing on the lower Vistula. Another exceptional form is a brooch of late La Tène construction from grave 122 (Fig. 7a) which combines a number of traits proper to different brooch forms but lacks closer analogies. The specimen shows some similarity to brooches reminiscent of type Kostrzewski fig. 17 (Fig. 7b–d), known from cemeteries of Oksywie Culture at Podwiesk and Bystrzec. The arable layer close to grave 40 produced a stray iron point, most probably an arrowhead (Fig. 4a). Its association with the gravefield is not certain but nevertheless quite likely, given that a few similar specimens are recorded at other Przeworsk Culture sites (R. Mycielska, Z. Woźniak 1988, p. 69, pl. XCVII/A1; G. Martyniak, R. Pastwiński, S. Pazda 1997, p. 13, pl. XXII:12) The cemetery at Suchodół is dated by the presence of brooch forms discussed earlier strictly to phase A2 of the Late Pre-Roman Period. This dating is not inconsistent with pottery forms present in grave assemblages. Site planigraphy (Fig. 9) does not make for phasing the cemetery; neither does it confirm the different chronological confines proposed in literature for type H and K brooches (Z. Woźniak 1994, p. 130; T. Dąbrowska 2001, p. 31). The gravefield at Suchodół is the only funerary complex of its size investigated comprehensively in this part of Przeworsk Culture territory. It is made exceptional by a highly unusual distribution of graves, densely clustering within a narrow strip of ground, and funerary practice, widely different from standards known from other cemeteries of Przeworsk Culture. In contrast to typical Przeworsk Culture gravefields which are rich in grave goods, particularly, weapons (in male burials), grave inventories at Suchodół are extremely poor, none of the 140 assemblages contained weapons (the only arrowhead discovered at the site is a stray find) whereas tools and ornaments are represented by isolated specimens. Pottery occurred in equally low frequencies and mugs are the dominant form. Some of the latter apparently had some special significance during the burial ceremony, as indicated by their typically intact condition and way of placing within the pit. Graves furnished with just a mug and, occasionally, a single metal object, so common at Suchodół, are known from other Przeworsk Culture cemeteries but there they are a minority. In the rare cases where a better condition of bone remains made anthropological analysis possible they were usually identified as remains of children (cf footnote 20). The poor degree of preservation itself of bone remains (ie, substantial degree of fragmentation) and small quantity tends to be associated by anthropologists with burials of juveniles (cf footnote 27). It would appear therefore that most graves at Suchodół are of juvenile burials. Anthropological analysis confirmed that grave 6, adult burial, also contained child’s bones. Two cemeteries most comparable to Suchodół are Gledzianówek (site 3), distr. Łęczyca (A. Nadolski 1951), and Bodzanowo, distr. Aleksandrów Kujawski (B. Zielonka 1958). At Bodzanowo, in particular, cremation graves had a similar close-knit arrangement within a narrow strip of ground. Poor level of preservation of the bone material from both Gledzianówek and Bodzanowo precluded anthropological analysis but judging by the form of graves most of them presumably are mainly juvenile burials, perhaps with a small percentage of adult graves. The cemetery at Gledzianówek (site 3) is remarkable in that it lies close to a parallel and more ‘typical’ Przeworsk Culture cemetery (site 1) with rich grave inventories. It is possible that the more ‘poorly’ furnished cemeteries were sites used specifically for burying a special group of individuals, eg, people of lower social and economic status. Another as interesting question concerns the origins of these special type of gravefield in the region of Kujawy and in the area between the Vistula and its tributary the Bzura.

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Okucie rogu do picia zakończone głową byka z cmentarzyska kultury przeworskiej w Legionowie, pow. loco

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Orliński W.

Wiadomości Archeologiczne

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2011

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vol. LXII

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issue 62

241-243

EN

The bronze drinking horn terminal with bull’s head is a stray find from the cemetery of Przeworsk Culture recently identified at Legionowo. The realistically rendered head is set on a round-sectioned socket fitted with two pairs of symmetrically spaced circumferential ribs and a single rib near its edge. One horn is now broken, the left eye retains inlay of blue glass (?). Similar terminals are classified to group E of J. Andrzejowski, dated broadly to the close of the Late Pre-Roman Period, as far as phase C of the Roman Period. The specimen from Legionowo would be the easternmost find of a group E terminal. The plastic modelling of the socket, reminiscent of segmented sockets of group A terminals, dates this specimen to the Late Pre-Roman Period. This agrees with the dating of most of the graves discovered so far in the cemetery at Legionowo.

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Skarby z lamusa. Ciekawe materiały z miejscowości Łady Nowe, pow. sochaczewski

84%

Czarnecka K.

Wiadomości Archeologiczne

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2021

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vol. LXXII

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issue 72

159-170

EN

In 1938, a collection of artefacts from the village of Łady Nowe (currently Łady), Sochaczew County, was presented to the State Archaeological Museum. It consists of two small earthenware vessels (Fig. 8, 9), an iron brooch (Fig. 1), two iron knives (Fig. 2, 3), an iron spearhead (Fig. 4), a damaged iron shield boss (Fig. 5, 6) and melted bronze sheet fragments, probably from a vessel (Fig. 7). The earliest-dating artefact is the iron brooch of the Middle La Tène construction, resembling Kostrzewski variant B. It is decorated with a round knob and a distinct depression on the foot, which could have been used to affix an additional decorative element – a piece of coral, glass or bone. Its closest analogies are a brooch from a cremation grave at Wilcza Wólka, Piaseczno County (Fig. 10:1) and a fibula from Gradowo, Radziejów County (Fig. 10:2), dated to phase A1. They are most probably imports from the Celtic culture circle; in Poland, they are attributed to the Jastorf Culture. The damaged iron knife with a wide blade and straight back transitioning into a socket (Fig. 2) is an unusual find. A similar tool was found at the Przeworsk Culture cemetery at Zagorzyn, Kalisz County, which is dated to the Late Pre-Roman Period (Fig. 11:4). Such knives are encountered among Celtic tools, although they are not common finds (Fig. 11:3). Their function remains unclear. They may have been a symbol of prestige, used, according to some researchers, to quarter sacrificial animals or cut meat at feasts. Other analogies to the socketed knife come from graves A and 8 (Fig. 11:1) at the Kraghede cemetery in northern Jutland; however, there they were described as a one-edged lance head. It may also have been a specialised tool of currently unknown purpose. The associations of the so-called Kraghede group with the Przeworsk and Jastorf Cultures are confirmed in pottery, and, perhaps, this is another example of these connections. The fragmentarily preserved second knife from Łady Nowe has a wide blade and tang defined on one side (Fig. 3). It is dated to the Late Pre-Roman Period. In the case of the iron spearhead, only the socket and a fragment of the blade have been preserved; the latter is so small that its shape, type and chronology cannot be determined (Fig. 4). The iron shield boss survives only in a fragment of the dome with a narrow, blunt spike, which was inserted into a hole in the dome and hammered flat on the inside (Fig. 5, 6). The lack of the dome, flange and rivets makes it difficult to clearly determine the typology and, in turn, the chronology of this object. Blunt spikes are characteristic of both the shield bosses dated to the Late Pre-Roman Period, identified as Bohnsack type 7, as well as the ones representing Jahn type 7a and dating to the Early Roman Period. In the case of phase-A3 specimens, spikes are usually riveted to the dome. The welding technique, which did not require rivets, is characteristic of specimens from phase B2 of the Early Roman Period; however, it was known and may have been used already in the Late Pre-Roman Period. The archaeological site from Łady Nowe was most probably a cremation cemetery of the Przeworsk Culture, as some of the objects were burnt. It is dated to the Late Pre-Roman Period, possibly also later. Unfortunately, the very interesting finds discussed here cannot be allocated to grave assemblages and must be treated as an artefact collection.

PL

W 1938 do zbiorów Państwowego Muzeum Archeologicznego przekazano zabytki pochodzące z miejscowości Łady Nowe, pow. sochaczewski. Są to dwa niewielkie naczynia gliniane[ryc. 8; 9], żelazna zapinka [ryc. 1], dwa noże [ryc. 2; 3], grot [ryc. 4], uszkodzone umbo [ryc. 5; 6], oraz kawałki nadtopionej blachy brązowej, zapewne pozostałości naczynia brązowego. [ryc. 7] Najwcześniejszą chronologię ma żelazna zapinka o konstrukcji środkowolateńskiej zbliżona do odmiany B wg J. Kostrzewskiego, zdobiona kulką i głębokim wgłębieniem na nóżce, które mogło służyć do zamocowania dodatkowego elementu zdobniczego – kawałka koralu, szkła albo kości. Najbliższe analogie to zapinka z grobu popielnicowego w Wilczej Wólce, pow. piaseczyński [ryc. 10:1] i fibula z Gradowa, pow. radziejowski [ryc. 10:2]. Są one najprawdopodobniej importami z kręgu cywilizacji celtyckiej. Znaleziska z ziem polskich, datowane na fazę A1, wiązane są często z kulturą jastorfską. Nietypowym znaleziskiem jest uszkodzony, nóż żelazny, o szerokim ostrzu z prostym tylcem przechodzącym w tulejkę. [ryc. 2] Podobne narzędzie znaleziono na datowanym na młodszy okres przedrzymski cmentarzysku kultury przeworskiej w Zagorzynie, pow. kaliski.[ryc. 11:4]. Są spotykane wśród narzędzi celtyckich, choć nie są to znaleziska częste. [ryc. 11:3] Analogie do noża z tulejką pochodzą też z cmentarzyska Kraghede, w północnej Jutlandii. W grobach A i 8 znaleziono podobne przedmioty [ryc. 11:1] Związki tzw. grupy Kraghede z kulturą przeworską i jastorfską są potwierdzone w ceramice, być może jest to kolejny przykład tych nawiązań. Funkcja tych noży pozostaje niejasna. Mogły być symbolem prestiżu służąc, zdaniem niektórych badaczy, do ćwiartowania zwierząt ofiarnych albo do dzielenia mięsa na ucztach. Znaleziska z Kraghede zostały określone jako one-edged lance head. Mogło to być też wyspecjalizowane narzędzie o nieznanej obecnie funkcji. Zachowany fragmentarycznie drugi nóż z Ład Nowych ma szerokie ostrze i jednostronnie wyodrębniony trzpień do rękojeści. Datowany jest na młodszy okres przedrzymski. [ryc. 3] Z żelaznego grotu zachowana jest tylko tulejka i fragment liścia tak niewielki, że nie można określić jego kształtu, typu ani chronologii [ryc. 4]. Z żelaznego umba zachował się tylko fragment kaloty z wąskim, tępo zakończonym kolcem, wmontowanym w otwór w kalocie i zaklepanym od wewnątrz. [ryc. 5; 6] Brak kaloty, kołnierza i nitów utrudnia jednoznaczne określenie typologiczne, a co za tym idzie chronologię tego przedmiotu. Tępo zakończone kolce są charakterystyczne zarówno dla umb datowanych na młodszy okres przedrzymski, określanych jako typ 7, wg typologii D. Bohnsacka, jak i dla umb datowanych na wczesny okres wpływów rzymskich, typ 7a wg M. Jahna. Kolce w egzemplarzach z fazy A3 najczęściej mocowane są do blachy kaloty za pomocą nitów. Technika zgrzewania nie wymagająca użycia nitów jest charakterystyczna dla egzemplarzy z fazy B2 wczesnego okresu wpływów rzymskich, ale była znana i mogła być stosowana już w młodszym okresie przedrzymskim. W miejscowości Łady Nowe najprawdopodobniej istotnie było cmentarzysko ciałopalne kultury przeworskiej, o czym świadczy sposób zniszczenia niektórych przedmiotów. Datowane jest na młodszy okres przedrzymski, może również później. Niestety nie można ustalić zespołów grobowych i omówione bardzo ciekawe znaleziska muszą być traktowane jako kolekcja zabytków.

6

Cmentarzysko kultury przeworskiej w miej scowości Całowanie, gm. Karczew, woj. mazowieckie, st. XXVI

84%

Iwanicki P.

Wiadomości Archeologiczne

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2011

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vol. LXII

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issue 62

83-118

EN

The village Całowanie lies in the valley of the Vistula R., on its right bank, c. 7.5 km to the north-east of the locality Góra Kalwaria, on a sandy upper terrace parallel to the river channel, separated from the west from the main current of the Vistula. Near the site of interest the upper terrace is dissected by a small stream (called Szeroka Struga) parallel to it, the main axis of prehistoric settlement in the area. One of the earliest finds from the Late Pre-Roman Period discovered close to Całowanie is an iron type M fibula, now in the museum in Bydgoszcz, dated within phases A2/A3 and A3. A series of finds datable to the same period was discovered by accident in 1948 on a small elevation rising over the Szeroka Struga stream, c. 750 m to the north-west of the village buildings of Całowanie. Chronological variation of the pottery and observable division in the grave pit suggest that originally there were two features, one (southern – dating from phase A3, which next to pottery contained a fragment of an undetermined fibula), partly damaged by the grave pit of a later burial (the northern – from phase B1, which also yielded an iron knife and rivet). The graves would have belonged to a larger as yet not investigated cemetery of Przeworsk Culture. Finds from Całowanie datable to the Early Roman Period also include two glass beads, classified as type 223b and 4b of M. Tempelmann-Mączyńska – were submitted in 1903 to the Museum of Industry and Agriculture in Warsaw by Z. Wolski (now in the State Archaeological Museum, PMA/IV/568). The latest artefact from Całowanie dated reliably to the Roman Period, a bronze tendril crossbow fibula, type A.162, dated to phase C2, was discovered in a dune next to the road linking Łukowiec and Całowanie (PMA/IV/568) and is linked with Wielbark Culture settlement. Nevertheless, all these finds do not belong to the cemetery under discussion. The finds from the Late Pre-Roman and the Roman Period are rounded out by input from the cemetery of Przeworsk Culture recorded as Całowanie site XXVI, subject of the present contribution. It lies on a small elevation descending to the valley of the Szeroka Struga stream. On its east side the site was destroyed by a dirt road running to Całowanie and by buildings of the village. The cemetery was discovered during a fieldwalking survey made in 1987 (AZP 61-69/59) and came under rescue excavation in July 1990. A total area of no more than 200 m2 was explored and 19 graves of Przeworsk Culture were identified. All the features excavated were seriously damaged by deep ploughing. Grave 1 was notable because next to pottery it contained fragments of two iron spear points (one of them decorated on the blade by notching), a shield-boss, type Bo.15, a fibula, type E acc. to Kostrzewski, and a knife. This would be a striking case of the lingering in use of a fibula form characteristic for phase A2 discovered with weapons and ceramics distinctive for the mature phase A3. At the same time, the fibula would be an interesting evidence on outside contacts, both within the Przeworsk Culture and beyond, given that this fibula form is known mainly from Lower Silesia and from the Vistula Delta. Contacts with the area of Celtic settlement is documented by forms present in graves 3 and 9 – a fragment of a cup made to imitate Celtic comb-decorated pottery in the first of these grave and fragments of a segmented belt, a form also deriving from the Celtic environment. Also attributable to the same sphere is a fragment of a Knotenring ornament, discovered in the cemetery at Całowanie as a stray find. Even so, the main group useful in dating the cemetery was pottery. A closer analysis of vessel forms and their dating helped to separate three groups of graves corresponding to different phases of use of the cemetery. To better grasp the links between individual forms a table of co-occurrence of specific ceramic forms in closed grave assemblages was developed. Group I includes graves 6, 10, 15, and 19. They mostly contained vessels with thickened and visibly facetted rims, types I.1.1.b, II.2.b, IV.1.b and III.5. There was also a handful of forms with less prominently facetted rims, types I.1.1.c, I.2.c and IV.1.c, characteristic for the next phase. This group of graves was marked by a co-occurrence of vessels typical for ceramic phases I and II in Przeworsk culture, which helped to synchronize them with phase A2/A3. Group II includes graves 1, 3 and 18. They contained no vessels other than forms with a thickened randomly facetted rim and a broad upper body. Leading forms in this group are type II.2.c. bowls and cups of type I.1.1.c, I.2.c and I.4.1 mentioned earlier. Novel forms included a few bowls of type B.1.1. Based on typological attributes of the pottery and non-ceramic finds from grave 1, typical for the late phase of the Late Pre-Roman Period (the type Bo.15 shield-boss and the spear point with a blade decorated by notching) graves in this group may be synchronized with phase A3. Group II includes graves 11 and 17. Vessels discovered in them have a sharply angular body and an everted rim. These are vases type A.3 and bowls type A.1 and B.1.1. Also classifiable to group III is grave 13 which yielded a bowl, type B.1.1, somewhat degenerated of form. Vessels type A.1 and A.3 are noted in the eastern area of the Przeworsk culture during the Early Roman Period and are a characteristic form during this period. Their presence in Group III graves helps synchronize the group with phase B1 and possibly, the onset of phase B2. Analysis helps to establish the relative dating of the cemetery at Całowanie site XXVI as phases A2/A3–B1. Despite the relatively modest quantity of archaeological material the results presented here document a rhythm of development similar as in other Przeworsk cemeteries in the Mazowsze region. There is also evidence of the lingering of vessel forms assigned to ceramic phase II as well as some delay in the adoption of Early Roman models. The finds from Całowanie also document outside exchange of this part of Przeworsk Culture and change in its culture connections attributable to the depopulation of areas in Lower Silesia and northwestern Wielkopolska.

7

Czy rzeczywiście szata nie zdobi człowieka? Przejawy mody celtyckiej w elementach stroju kobiecego na ziemiach polskich w I w. p.n.e.

67%

Stopczyk A.

Ogrody Nauk i Sztuk

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2014

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issue 4

552-556

PL

Celem niniejszej pracy jest omówienie wybranych zabytków archeologicznych stanowiących ozdoby i elementy stroju kobiecego z terenów Polski w I w. p.n.e., które stylistycznie nawiązują do zabytków kultury lateńskiej. Rozpatrywane ozdoby i elementy stroju pochodzą z grobów kobiecych odnotowanych na stanowiskach kultur przeworskiej i oksywskiej. W niniejszej pracy podjęta została próba interpretacji analizowanych zabytków oraz zobrazowano kontekst ich występowania. Rozważania zawarte w artykule są przyczynkiem do badań nad znaczeniem złożonych oddziaływań kultury lateńskiej na ziemiach polskich w młodszym okresie przedrzymskim.

EN

The aim of the article is to present and discuss the La Tène culture influences on the women’s dress accessories and jewellery in the 1st. century BC in Poland. The presented women’s dress accessories and jewelry comes from the women’s graves of the Przeworsk - and Oksywie culures. In the synthesis it will be possible to make some interpretations about significance of selected archaeological materials, especially in the context of local cultures. The outcome of the research will shed light on the so called latinisation of the Polish territories.

8

Niepublikowane materiały z cmentarzyska w Żukczynie, powiat gdański (dawn. Suckschin, Kr. Danziger Höhe) w świetle archiwum Józefa Kostrzewskiego

67%

Strobin A.

Wiadomości Archeologiczne

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2020

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vol. LXXI

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issue 71

269-287

EN

The scientific archive of Professor Józef Kostrzewski is kept in the collection of the C. Norwid Provincial and Municipal Public Library in Zielona Góra. Portfolio 13: Pomorze Gdańskie, okres lateński (Gdańsk Pomerania, La Tène Period) consists mostly of unpublished notes and sketches of artefacts, drawn by the researcher, related to archaeological discoveries at the cemeteries at Żukczyn (fmr. Gross Suckczin aka Suckschin), Gdańsk County, Pomeranian Voivodeship (cards 568–604). The site at Żukczyn was mentioned in the literature several times. The first news about discoveries in the village comes from the end of the 19th century, when a sword and two spearheads from a cremation grave (Fig. 1) were presented to the Westpreußisches Provinzial-Museum. In 1901, further metal artefacts were collected from the surface of a field (Fig. 2, 3), and Dr. Paul Kumm, museum curator, carried out rescue excavations. As a result, 20 cremation graves were discovered (Fig. 4–11); grave goods, together with stray finds, were turned over to the museum in Gdańsk. In 1945, as a result of warfare, all artefacts from Żukczyn were destroyed or lost. The information from Kostrzewski’s archive indicates that 19 cremation graves and two pit burials (graves X and XI) were discovered at Żukczyn. A total of seven brooches, including types A, J, N (Fig. 4:b.c, 7:a–c) and presumably K (Fig. 4:d) came from graves and stray finds. Swords are represented by eight specimens: five double-edged with iron scabbards (Fig. 2:a.b.d, 3:a, 4:a.b) and three single-edged (Fig. 1, 2:a, 7:c). Two ring buckles (Fig. 3:c) and two hoops found with a sword and scabbard in grave II (Fig. 4:b) should be associated with a sword-belt. Parts of a shield – bosses and their rivets – came from two graves with weapons (Fig. 4:a.b); one boss was a stray find (Fig. 2:c). Spearheads were numerous (13 specimens) (Fig. 1, 2:b.c, 3:b, 4:b, 7:c, 8:b); some of them were decorated (Fig. 1, 2:c). In three cases, they were accompanied by butts (Fig. 3:c, 4:b, 7:c). Tools and utensils included knives (Fig. 4:a.b, 7:d), razors (Fig. 7:a, 8:b), scissors (Fig. 2:d) and pliers (Fig. 2:d). Pottery was discovered in all the graves. The vast majority are vessels of the Oksywie Culture (phases A2–A3); at least two vessels, from graves VI (Fig. 5:c) and XIV (Fig. 6:c), may come already from the Roman Period. The second stage of research at the cemetery at Żukczyn took place in the 1970s. At that time, 134 graves dating from phase A2 of the Late Pre-Roman Period to phase B2/C1 of the Roman Period were discovered. The entire material and documentation of these works are stored in the Archaeological Museum in Gdańsk. Unpublished information concerning the cemetery at Żukczyn, contained in Kostrzewski’s archive, is an important source that complements our knowledge about this necropolis. The inventory numbers of artefacts contained there are also important for attempts to restore former archaeological collections of the Museum in Gdańsk. Verification of sketches of artefacts drawn by Józef Kostrzewski with drawings included in Martin Jahn’s work, Herbert Jankuhn’s scientific archive (Fig. 11) as well as with photographs of artefacts from Żukczyn (cf. Fig. 10) yields positive results. This means that in his graphic documentation, Kostrzewski took into account characteristic and important features of artefacts, which further enhances the value of this source.

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Między Północą a Południem. Zespół osadniczy z późnej epoki żelaza w Jarnicach nad Liwcem w świetle dalekosiężnych powiązań

67%

Andrzejowski J., Maciałowicz A.

Wiadomości Archeologiczne

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2017

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vol. LXVIII

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issue 68

179-234

EN

In 2015, a verification surface survey of a complex of Przeworsk Culture sites found to the south of the village of Jarnice, in south-western Podlasie, eastern Poland (Fig. 1) led to the discovery of three remarkable copper alloy objects: 1. Fragment of a bimetallic ball-brooch (Kugelfibel), i.e. its decorative piece made of copper alloy cast over the iron wire of the brooch bow and curving foot, its fragments projecting at two ends of the artefact. The decorative piece has the form of two plano-convex circular elements (‘balls’) and a smaller element (‘linking piece’); on each ‘ball’ is an engraved, diagonal cross. Surviving L. 38 mm (L. of decorative piece 26 mm), ‘ball’ diameter 10 × 13–13.5 mm, height: 5.5 mm (Fig. 2:1). 2. Fragment of a personal ornament of copper alloy, made of a rod with three strands of pseudo-plaitwork and a now incomplete ring with three plano-convex knobs. L. ca. 40 mm, D. of rod ca. 2.5–6 mm (Fig. 2:2). 3. Knee brooch of copper alloy. Narrow bow, bent at a right angle, on the head, a low, residual crest with two sharp grooves below which, a sub-rectangular plate with two openings: for the spring axle and for the upper chord. L. 50–52 mm (Fig. 2:3). The artefacts were recovered from the topsoil on the margin of settlements, Jarnice site 22 and 23. Of these the first is known only from a 1985 field survey, the second is known since the 1960s and was excavated to a very limited extent (75 m2). Fragments of prehistoric pottery from the two sites are mostly sherds of Przeworsk Culture vessels. In site 23 the assemblage was dominated by fragments of vessels from phases A1 and A2 of the Late Pre-Roman Period, including individual rims resembling forms known from the so-called Jastorf Culture in the Polish Lowland (Fig. 3:2–5), and a much smaller group of Early Roman pottery fragments; also assigned to the Przeworsk Culture is a spindlewhorl find (Fig. 3:1). In site 22 the rather small group of characteristic pottery fragments all belong to Early Roman forms. Immediately to the south, in site 19, is a third settlement with Przeworsk Culture pottery, this time, mostly Early Roman. It is possible that these three sites are actually the remnants of one, long-lived Przeworsk Culture settlement spread out on the edge of the upper flood terrace of the Liwiec River. A small, now defunct stream divided the settlement from a small rise lying at an elevation of ca. 1–2 metres above the river valley bottom (Fig. 4). This location, referred to as Okopy or Za okopami [“Earthworks, “Beyond the Earthworks], has been identified with a Przeworsk Culture cemetery, Jarnice site 1, discovered in the latter half of the 19th century (Fig. 5). In 1878, Tymoteusz Łuniewski (1847–1905), landowner and entrepreneur of the nearby Korytnica, and also an amateur archaeologist, and Józef Przyborowski (1823–1896), philologist, librarian, historian and archaeologist then in charge of the Zamoyski Library (Biblioteka Ordynacji Zamoyskich) unearthed here “six large cinerary urns set about and covered with stones, filled with burn human bone remains. Even earlier, the cemetery was being dug up by local peasants, and later still, by other local amateur archaeologists, one of them being the Notary Dąbrowski of Węgrów, the finder of “2 pottery vessels and 1 vessel base, as well as a bronze fibula. To this day only the artefacts from a single urned grave inventory have survived: fragments of an iron brooch, type K with an openwork in the foot frame, a clay spindlewhorl (Fig. 6), and many small sherds from a pottery vessel with a glossy black surface, presumably the cinerary urn belonging to the same grave inventory. The brooch assigns the burial to phase A2 of the Late Pre-Roman Period. Furthermore, during archaeological excavations and surface surveys made on this site in the second half of the 20th century a large series of Przeworsk Culture pottery was recovered, mostly from phases A1–A2, with a small group of fragments of Early Roman Period pottery; individual sherds may be linked with the so-called Jastorf Culture in the Polish Lowland (Fig. 3:6). The type K brooch with an openwork roundel in the front part of the foot frame is evidence of exchange between Mazovia, the lower Vistula region, Bornholm and the Elbe drainage (Fig. 7, 8). The Jarnice find may be interpreted as proof of outside influences reaching here from the west or – which is more likely – from the north. The artefacts recovered in 2015 alter substantially the earlier understanding of the settlement complex identified at Jarnice and of its significance within the settlement microregion in the Liwiec Valley. The first of them is an incomplete bimetallic ball-brooch (Kugelfibel) – its decorative piece made of copper alloy cast over the iron wire of the brooch bow and its curving foot (Fig. 2:1, 9:4). The decorative piece consists of two ‘balls’ decorated with a diagonally engraved cross connected by a ‘linking piece’. So far, brooches with traits described here have not been separated in the classification systems devised for ball-brooches, although their finds are known from Poland and Bornholm (cf. A. Bieger 2003). In this article we propose to name this form – after its best preserved specimen – variant Blanchs Hotel. It is represented by three bimetallic specimens from Bornholm (e.g., the cemetery Blanchs Hotel, described incorrectly by A. Bieger as made of bronze only), two from a cemetery of the Oksywie Culture at Rumia near Gdańsk, and three others, from Kujavia, then the territory settled by the Przeworsk Culture folk (Fig. 9). The brooches are nearly identical, except that the pair of finds from Rumia, grave 85, and the specimen from Nørre Sandegård, grave 322, rather than being decorated with a diagonal cross motif feature a very similar motif of a rectangle with recessed sides. A number of still other brooches differ from the variant Blanchs Hotel in having a differently shaped ‘linking piece’ (Fig. 10:1–3) or in lacking the ornament (Fig. 10:4) although the latter could be due to their damaged condition. Three other, similar specimens made entirely of copper alloy originate from the territory of the Oksywie Culture (Fig. 10:5). In one, possibly two brooches, the engraved crosses were filled in with red enamel (Fig. 9:7, 10:2a). Generally speaking, at present nine brooches are known classified to the variant Blanchs Hotel, plus seven more, similar to this variant. They cluster in East Pomerania (six specimens) and in Kuyavia (five specimens), as well as on Bornholm (four specimens); the find from Jarnice is the most south-easterly find of this brooch form (Fig. 11). Because of the small number of better dated assemblages the chronology of the variant Blanchs Hotel and related forms is hard to specify. However, there is everything to show that it spans phase 1 of the cemetery at Nørre Sandegård, thus, approximately, the late stage of phase A1 of the Late Pre-Roman Period. A. Bieger has suggested a somewhat broader dating for the ball-brooches from Bornholm and Poland, assigning them to phases LT C2–D1a in the La Tène Culture chronology, which corresponds to the late stage of phase A1 and the beginning of phase A2. Brooches classified to the variant Blanchs Hotel and similar forms – although evidence of contacts with Bornholm – were probably manufactured also in northern Poland. This is supported not only by the evidently larger pool of these finds from this area, but also by the fact that only from the lower Vistula region we have a record on specimens made of copper alloy only. In the same cemeteries where ball-brooches were present other brooches have been recorded, which although they are likely to have been manufactured locally attest connections with craftsmen of Bornholm (Fig. 12). On the other hand, the influx from Bornholm of at least some of the variant Blanchs Hotel brooches (and similar forms) might be supported by the use of red enamel to decorate the cross motifs engraved on the ‘balls’. This is because at present it is hard to prove the existence of enamelling centres on the lower Vistula, whereas it is legitimate to expect them on Bornholm, where at least a dozen-odd ball-brooches decorated in this manner have been found (variants different from the one described here), and in north-western Poland, in the territory of the Oder Group of the Jastorf Culture. In summary, it is likely that in the lower Vistula area (East Pomerania, Kuyavia) there were craftsmen who manufactured bimetallic or bronze brooches according to the northern European styles and metalworking tradition. This may be linked to the emergence at the beginning of the Late Pre-Roman Period of a triangle, described previously in the literature, of close ties between the lower Odra River region (Oder Group of the Jastorf Culture), the lower Vistula (Oksywie Culture) and Bornholm. At present we can place within the same network of connections also Kuyavia, where not only the Przeworsk Culture settlement is noted, but also – similarly as in the lower Vistula region – the so-called Jastorf Culture in the Polish Lowland. The traditions of this latter grouping have been traced back to northern Germany and Jutland, thus the cultural proximity of these communities to the northern European world would have facilitated the establishing of close relations. Their effect would have been the appearance in the territory of Poland of craftsmen capable of manufacturing the bronze and bimetallic brooches discussed here. Thus, the find from Jarnice may be interpreted as an import from the lower Vistula region, or from Kuyavia, rather than a direct import from Bornholm. In correspondence with this interpretation is the chemical composition of its decorative piece, similar to the composition of brooches with Bornholm connotations recorded in the Oksywie Culture cemetery at Podwiesk (Table 1; cf. Fig. 10:2, 12:2). However, we have to recall that the database for comparison is very modest, and even more importantly, there are no analyses of similar finds from Bornholm. Therefore it seems legitimate to link the ball-brooch from Jarnice with fragments of pottery recorded in sites 1 and 23, attributed to the so-called Jastorf Culture in the Polish Lowland (Fig. 3:2–6). An artefact which lends itself to a similar interpretation is a fragment of a bronze brooch, type Gotland, held by the State Archaeological Museum in Warsaw (Fig. 13:1). It was discovered by accident in the early 21st century “on the Liwiec/Bug Rivers thus, in the same part of Poland as the Jarnice ball-brooch. This is a hemispherical (hollow) decorative piece of a brooch, cast of copper alloy, retaining inside the wire of the brooch bow also made of copper alloy. On the upper face of the decorative piece is a diagonally engraved cross. Originally, the decorative piece would have been cast over the brooch bow and the terminal of its curving foot, this is shown by numerous analogies from Gotland (Fig. 13:2, 14). On the other hand, the piece from Jarnice was fully cast of copper alloy, while the specimens from Gotland are bimetallic, with an iron bow and spring. E. Nylén described this group of brooches as iron fibulae with heavy ornaments on the bow, but in this text we refer to them as: type Gotland. The next distinctive trait of the brooch found “on the Liwiec/Bug Rivers is a cross engraved atop the decorative piece; in brooches type Gotland engraved decoration is exceedingly rare, is of a different design, and appear, moreover, on specimens in which the decorative piece is more attenuated (pear-shaped). As noted earlier by other researchers, similar bimetallic brooches have surfaced on Bornholm. However, their hemispherical decorative pieces are a little less domed, provided instead with globular knobs at both ends, and often, decorated also with a diagonal cross or a similar engraved motif (Fig. 15). Unfortunately they have not been analysed yet, and the number of 12 specimens known to us at present is likely to be understated. Here, they are referred to as variant Nørre Sandegård of type Bornholm. At least two specimens which resemble this variant are recorded in other areas of Scandinavia, but they display some differences in their construction and style (Fig. 16). The dating of brooches type Bornholm may be synchronized with the late stage of phase A1, possibly also the beginning of phase A2. Four type Bornholm brooches have been recovered in Poland, most of them by accident. The bronze decorative piece of an iron brooch from Perkowo in Kuyavia (Fig. 17:1) definitely may be referred to the variant Nørre Sandegård (cf. Fig. 15:7.9.11). The three other are nearly identical, only made entirely of copper alloy, which leads us to separate them into a different variant – Kobylarnia (Fig. 17:2–4). In two cases, the cross engraved on their decorative pieces had been filled with a red enamel inlay (Fig. 17:2.3). While the presence of the brooch type Bornholm at Perkowo in Kuyavia does not surprise, given the analysis of the ball-brooches, it is interesting that the two brooches classified to the variant Kobylarnia with a known provenance were both found in Great Poland (Fig. 18). At the beginning of the Late Pre-Roman Period this was an area outside the zone of compact Przeworsk Culture settlement, but one that was penetrated by communities of the so-called Jastorf Culture in the Polish Lowland, and by the Oder Group of the Jastorf Culture. Given that no specimens type Bornholm made of bronze only (variant Kobylarnia) are known from that island, at the present stage of inquiry we have to conclude that presumably they were manufactured somewhere in western or northern Poland. This is significant in so far as that in two cases, these brooches had been decorated with red enamel. Therefore, the variant Kobylarnia would be yet another piece of evidence for the presence in this part of Poland (lower Vistula region, Kuyavia, possibly also northern Great Poland) of centres, as yet unspecified as to their location and culture attribution, where northern brooch styles were adopted and given a new, local form, in this particular case, using advanced decorative technologies (enamelling). Apparently, also the brooch found “on the Liwiec/Bug Rivers may be linked with these centres. In its form it represents type Gotland, but the use of bronze only, and the ornament of a diagonal cross do not find analogy on that island, on the other hand, it corresponds well with the description of brooches manufactured in these conjectural workshops. As such the artefact found “on the Liwiec/Bug Rivers may be interpreted similarly as the ball-brooch from Jarnice, consequently, not so much as a direct import from Scandinavia as an import from the northern reaches of the Polish Lowland. A rather interesting object is the fragment of a personal ornament made of lead bronze (Table 2) using the lost wax process, with a characteristic pseudo-plaitwork decoration (Fig. 2:2). This object corresponds in its description to circular ornaments (bracelets or armrings) type Şimleul Silvaniei, most likely, variant Rustoiu 3a (Fig. 19). Basing on the evidence of the very small number of better dated assemblages, these forms have been assigned to a period spanning phase LT D1 and the older phase of the Early Roman Period. According to the accepted view, the rings type Şimleul Silvaniei are a local, Dacian version of earlier Celtic ornaments, and outside this zone – they are evidence of exchange with the Dacian world. However, the distribution range of the recent, fairly numerous finds makes it necessary to treat this interpretation with caution given that at present the decided majority of specimens of this type is been recorded outside the Dacian territory (Fig. 20). While from Dacia we have just one recent find, from Poland we have no less than 12 or 13 recent finds of type Şimleul Silvaniei ornaments, three other from Bohemia, and three more from western Ukraine (Fig. 21). Some of these objects deserve closer attention; in particular, the two circular ornaments from the cemetery at Wolny Dwór in East Pomerania. They were discovered in an inhumation burial from phase B1, their location in relation the skeletal remains proving that they were not armrings or bracelets. Another find, from Kisielany-Żmichy in eastern Poland, at a small distance from Jarnice, is a large fragment of a ring ornament classified to the rare variant Rustoiu 3b (Fig. 21:3). Next, there is an ornament (armring) of the same variant, belonging to a hoard from phase LT D1 found near Lužany in north-eastern Czech Republic (Fig. 21:11), and an armring from the Ternopìl' region in western Ukraine while it has the traits of variant Rustoiu 3a, but its body is in the form of two strands of pseudo-plaitwork (Fig. 22), as some Celtic ornaments recognized as prototypes of type Şimleul Silvaniei. The internal diameter of rings type Şimleul Silvaniei ranges between c. 60–65 mm and over 100 mm. Their accepted interpretation is that – depending on their size – these ornaments were worn as bracelets or as armrings but drawing a line between these two categories is not easy. Their comparison with the size of the unprofiled and shield-headed bracelets recovered in Przeworsk Culture and Wielbark Culture cemeteries shows that the functional, internal diameter of the bracelet, ie, the one preventing the ring from slipping from the wrist, basically should not exceed c. 65 mm. Consequently, only the smallest of rings type Şimleul Silvaniei could have been worn as bracelets, the others are likely to be armrings. Thus, among the Polish finds, we can interpret as bracelets the circular ornaments from Niedanowo, Lasy, Wolny Dwór, Kisielany-Żmichy, also presumably from the vicinity of Skierniewice and from Lubiechowo; the diameter of the ring from Malbork-Wielbark/Willenberg is on the border between the two. On the other hand, the dimensions of rings found in Dacia, the Czech Republic (except for the Nakleřov find), Slovakia and Ukraine, and those belonging to “the southern German collection, would identify them as armrings. Another possibility to consider in relation to rings type Şimleul Silvaniei of all sizes is that they could have been used as pendants. This is suggested by some large pendants, type Knotenring provided with a loop (with an outer diameter of as much as c. 87–94 mm), openwork spherical pendants, type Janów-Psary (with a diameter of up to c. 85–88 mm), and also, the assemblage from Wolny Dwór. There, two different rings type Şimleul Silvaniei were unearthed together with some ‘ordinary’ type Knotenring specimens, in a location and arrangement suggesting that their function was above all symbolic, perhaps they were amulets. An additional clue is obviously the first pendant type Şimleul Silvaniei discovered in a grave from phase B1 in the Przeworsk Culture cemetery at Czersk on the middle Vistula. For a few artefacts (Jarnice, Dębniałki, Kisielany-Żmichy) analyses of the chemical content of their alloy were made (Table 2). They established that the rings from Jarnice and Dębniałki (Fig. 20:1.3) were cast of lead bronze, but clearly differing in its composition, while the ring from Kisielany-Żmichy was made of an alloy described as so-called scrap brass; quite a different material (brass high in zinc content) was used in casting the pendant from Czersk. A still different composition (bronze high in zinc content) was identified by the only known analysis of a ring type Şimleul Silvaniei found outside Poland, found at Sedlec in the Bohemian Basin (Fig. 21:7). None of these alloys was found to contain molybdenum, for which element significant levels were identified in the rings ornaments from Brodnia, Pełczyska and Nowe Brzesko, investigated earlier. However, it needs noting that disquieting levels of molybdenum were demonstrated only by analyses made with the wd xrf method, these same objects tested using the ed xrf method were found to contain either an ‘acceptable’ level of this metal (Brodnia), or none at all. The newly completed analyses now make it possible to challenge the hypothesis that ring ornaments type Şimleul Silvaniei were manufactured of copper alloy having a peculiar, specially selected composition. The brooch with a knee-shaped bow and a crest on the head (Fig. 2:3, 23:1) while it is compatible with the definition of Almgren type 132, does not fits either the ‘classic’ type Almgren 132 or its Wielbark Culture variant, or any of its special variants. Examined in the context of other specimens made of copper alloy, taking into account its size, it actually has a single analogy – the brooch from grave 21 in a cemetery of the Przeworsk and the Wielbark Cultures at Krupice in eastern Poland (Fig. 23:2). To be sure, this grave inventory has been attributed to the Przeworsk Culture, but this identification bases on this is actually based on none other but this brooch. Iron brooches type Almgren 132 are characteristic for men’s clothing during the younger stage of phase B2 of the Przeworsk Culture. Specimens of copper alloy, in any case, a quite mixed group, are more rare (Fig. 24). Of these, the most interesting from our point of view, is a short, undecorated brooch found in grave 29 in the cemetery at Konin in south-eastern Great Poland, a form with a narrow bow and a small, transversely grooved crest (Fig. 24:1); this is because it is closest to the brooch find from Jarnice. On the other hand, Almgren 132 brooches made of coper alloy, often with applied silver and gold elements, are fairly numerous in Wielbark Culture sites dating to the close of phase B2 and to phase B2/C1. There are among them also ‘ordinary’, undecorated specimens which correspond closely to the Almgren model, e.g. the specimens from Nowy Łowicz in western Pomerania, Kowalewko in Great Poland, Zakrzewska Osada in the borderland of East Pomerania and Great Poland, and Gostkowo in Chełmno Land (Fig. 25:4). These brooches persuade us to attributed to the Wielbark Culture similar ‘ordinary’ brooches, type Almgren 132 made of copper alloy lacking context, recovered east of the middle Vistula, at Drozdowo, Jadwisin and Turza Wielka/Groß Tauersee, all in northern Mazowsze (Fig. 23:3–5). A further clue to the culture attribution of the brooch from Jarnice is provided by a bronze brooch, type Almgren 132, admittedly with a high crest, but one that is only a slightly wider than the head, and a high catchplate, diagonal in relation to the bow (Fig. 26), which is a typologically late trait; this specimen was found in grave 31 at Zakrzewska Osada, dated reliably to phase B2/C1. Quite a different point of reference for the brooch from Jarnice would be the local variant of knee brooches, type Almgren 132 (A.132a) from Bohemia and Moravia, with a low and narrow crest, with transverse grooves (Fig. 27). The same form of crest is seen also on some of the “bronze ‘Germanic’ knee brooches with a plate on the head (as defined by E. Droberjar) found in ‘barbarian’ sites in the Bohemian Basin, Lower Austria and western Slovakia, attributed to the time of the Marcomannic Wars. In conclusion, the more likely dating of the brooch from Jarnice would be phase B2/C1, its attribution to the earliest phase of the Wielbark Culture settlement in Mazowsze to the east of the Vistula river and in Podlasie, although obviously in view of the complicated archaeological situation of the Liwiec drainage during phase B2/C1, this issue must remain open. The settlement complex from the Late Pre-Roman Period and the Roman Periods situated on the edge of the Liwiec Valley to the south of the village of Jarnice still awaits a fuller recognition. The cemetery discovered here in the 1870s and excavated by amateurs over the decades that followed by and large remains uninvestigated. The only record which survives at present is the inventory of one urned burial from phase A2, and references to further artefacts, but with an obscure dating. The archaeological excavations made in the second half of the 1960s on a small tract of more elevated ground in the southern area of the site revealed only some very modest remains of a an ancient grave site all but obliterated by early medieval occupation and postmedieval ploughing. The large settlement (settlements?) found next to the cemetery is known virtually only from surface finds. The assemblage of prehistoric pottery from this settlement comprises, next to some uncharacteristic sherds with an obscure dating and culture attribution, fragments of Przeworsk Culture vessels from phases A1–A2 of the Late Pre-Roman Period, and from the Early Roman Period. In this situation special significance must be attached to the three copper alloy artefacts recovered here in 2015. The ball-brooch classified to the variant Blanchs Hotel found at Jarnice, and the brooch, type Gotland, found “on the Liwiec/Bug, attest to contacts of the local population with hypothetical metalworking centres with an unclear culture attribution, in operation in the region on the lower Vistula, Kuyavia and possibly in northern Great Poland. It seems legitimate to associate both these brooches with the pottery finds from Jarnice displaying the traits of the so-called Jastorf Culture in the Polish Lowland which had its centres of settlement precisely in Kuyavia and on the lower Vistula, but the presence of which has been confirmed also in northern Great Poland. Both brooches are datable to the late stage of phase A1, possibly, the beginning of phase A2. This was a time directly antedating, or roughly coinciding with, the emergence of the settlement network of the Przeworsk Culture in eastern Mazowsze and Podlasie, when long-lived cemeteries of this culture were being established. During phase A2 the cemetery at the nearby Karczewiec was set up, and possibly a little earlier – some 40 km more to the north, the burial ground at Kamieńczyk, site 1, at the confluence of the Liwiec and the Bug. It seems that a crucial role in the process of the emergence of the Przeworsk Culture in this part of Poland was played by stimuli reaching from the west, where this unit had taken shape sometime earlier. Consequently, the artefacts discussed here having an early dating (the two brooches and the pottery attributed to the so-called Jastorf culture in the Polish Lowland), although they cannot be linked easily with the Przeworsk Culture, could in some way be a part of this phenomenon. Some other Jastorf artefacts have surfaced in the region on the Liwiec River. From Grodzisk, site 4, at a distance of c. 3 km from Jarnice, comes a stray find of an incomplete bronze neck-ring (Fig. 28:2) with thick cylindrical terminals (Bronzehalsring mit verdictken Kolbenenden), from Kamieńczyk, site 11, near to cemetery (site 1) – a bronze winged pin (Fig. 28:1) of the Ostmecklenburg-Vorpommern type (Flügelnadel des ostmecklenburgisch-vorpommerscher Typs). Both these objects evidently may be traced to north-eastern Germany, but their appearance in the Liwiec Valley at the transition from the Older to the Late Pre-Roman Period, or possibly, at the beginning of the latter, is compatible with the concept of a communication route running eastward through northern Great Poland and Kuyavia. Taken together with the pottery described earlier, they have altered our earlier understanding of the very modest assemblage of finds that may be traced to the Jastorf Culture milieu in the broad sense. The early chronology of these finds, one which is ahead of the age of the heyday of the local Przeworsk Culture structures, leads to the conclusion that these ornaments and fasteners, rather exotic in eastern Poland, are not so much ‘ordinary’ imports, as evidence of the arrival in the region of possibly small groups of foreigners. The presence of these outsiders might have been one of a number of catalysts in the process of culture transformation in the region of interest. It is also interesting that the only grave inventory known from the cemetery at Jarnice confirms the connections of the local community with the North and the West also in a later age, in the mature phase A2. This is documented by the iron brooch, type K with a foot frame decorated with an openwork roundel. The fragment of the ring ornament, type Şimleul Silvaniei is one of only a few such finds recorded to east of the middle Vistula. While its function remains unclear, without any greater doubt we are ready to date it to phase B1 and – which is obvious – link it with the Przeworsk Culture. More recent fairly numerous finds of ring ornaments recorded in central and northern Poland, but also, Bohemia, Moravia and western Ukraine, have substantially altered the earlier map of the distribution of type Şimleul Silvaniei ornaments. It seems also that we urgently need to rethink the hypothesis about their Dacian origin and consequently, the understanding that rings from outside that territory are Dacian imports, or evidence of Dacian impact. Furthermore, the newer finds confirm an observation made earlier that, to the north of the Carpathians, rings type Şimleul Silvaniei are discovered in assemblages of the Przeworsk Culture, or ones belonging to the Oksywie-Wielbark horizon – a little younger in general (phase B1) than rings found in Dacian and Celtic assemblages (phase LT D1–D2). However, it is striking that more than a few of the ‘northern’ rings show rather heavy wear (abrasion), possibly suggesting their extended use, and reducing the significance of this chronological difference; not less importantly, these heavily worn specimens are mostly confirmed, or suspected, grave finds. To be sure, this observation cannot be generalized without making a first-hand examination of the ‘southern’ rings nevertheless the published photographs suggest that most of these specimens display no apparent traces of use. An important aspect of the differences between the two territorial groups of rings type Şimleul Silvaniei is their size: the better preserved ‘southern’ rings are larger, even a good deal larger than the functional bracelet size, whereas the northern specimens are almost without exception smaller, the size exactly that of a bracelet. Interpretation is complicated by the inhumation burial from Wolny Dwór in East Pomerania where two rings type Şimleul Silvaniei were found in a position and arrangement which rules out their interpretation as ornaments worn on the wrist or the upper arm of the buried individual. This leads us to conclude that at least some rings of this type, the size of a bracelet or an armring, could have served a different role, for example that of pendants-amulets. The knee brooch, type Almgren 132, lacks good analogies but stylistic and morphological analysis would place this particular specimen in phase B2/C1, identifying it as evidence of the earliest phase of the Wielbark Culture settlement in the Liwiec Valley. In the assemblage of settlement pottery from Jarnice there are no fragments we could assign to this culture, but this agrees with a universally known pattern that Wielbark Culture settlement sites are poorly reflected in surface finds. The interpretation of the knee brooch from Jarnice proposed here finds indirect support from the recent discovery, very close to sites 22 and 23, of two buckles with a thickened prong, forms which definitely belong in phase C2–D and may be linked with Wielbark Culture settlement. Whether the Wielbark Culture settlement of the Late Roman Period was a direct continuation of the Przeworsk Culture settlement in the region or alternately, the Wielbark people moved into the area only after the earlier inhabitants had gone away, is a question that only a more comprehensive fieldwork could resolve. In the light of the close relationship between the people of these two cultures and the continuity of cemeteries, and even for a time, their joint use by the Przeworsk and the Wielbark people, often noted in the region to the east of the middle Vistula, the Liwiec drainage included, the first possibility appears quite likely.

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